Table 1 Studies of Tropheryma whipplei detection in infectious diseases of the lung

BAL and mouths of 82 HIV-positive and 77 HIV-negative subjects

qPCR

Higher prevalence and relative abundance of TW in BAL in HIV-positive individuals

[13]

BAL and induced sputum samples in 76 HIV-infected participants

PCR and sequencing

Frequency of TW in either BAL or IS was 43.4%

[22]

bronchial biopsy specimens of a man with a history of intermittent fever and arthritis

Immunoreactivity and periodic acid-Schiff

The pulmonary symptoms preceded the development of gastrointestinal manifestations

[7]

BAL fluid samples representing suspected or confirmed pneumonia

PCR

TW was detected in 6 of 210 BAL fluid samples

[9]

BAL fluid of a patient with diffuse pulmonary parenchymal micronodules

Culture and qPCR

Isolated TW and confirmed its role as a respiratory pathogen

[10]

BAL fluid of a patient with pneumonia and active HIV-2 infection

PCR

TW be considered in the differential diagnosis of pneumonia in patients with advanced HIV infection

[23]

BAL fluid of patients with TW in BALs and controls

PCR

No difference was observed regarding immunocompromised status. This study adds evidence for a causative role of TW in pneumonia

[15]