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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

From: Validity of EQ-5D utility index and minimal clinically important difference estimation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 

All

GOLD 1

mild

GOLD 2

moderate

GOLD 3

severe

GOLD 4

very severe

(N = 298)

(N = 32)

(N = 156)

(N = 90)

(N = 20)

Parameter

Mean, N (SD, %)

Age (yr)

69.2 ± 8.8

70.9 ± 8.2

69.5 ± 8.7

68.8 ± 8.8

65.5 ± 10.1

Male (n,%)

257 (86.2%)

31 (96.9%)

129 (82.7%)

80 (88.9%)

17 (85.0%)

BMI (kg/m2) *

22.8 ± 3.3

24.0 ± 3.1

23.4 ± 3.1

22.1 ± 3.3

20.1 ± 3.2

Medical aid (n,%)

27 (9.1%)

1 (3.1%)

15 (9.6%)

7 (7.8%)

4 (20.0%)

Unemployed (n,%)

240 (80.5%)

24 (75.0%)

129 (82.7%)

71 (78.9%)

16 (80.0%)

Smoking history (pack-yr)

43.0 ± 28.7

42.0 ± 53.0

41.1 ± 24.7

47.0 ± 23.1

40.5 ± 18.9

Time from diagnosis (yr) *

5.4 ± 3.7

3.5 ± 2.5

4.8 ± 3.3

6.4 ± 4.0

8.7 ± 4.4

History of Tuberculosis (n, %) *

103 (34.6%)

6 (18.8%)

49 (31.4%)

35 (38.9%)

13 (65.0%)

Treatment

 LABA+LAMA (n, %) *

66 (22.1%)

4 (12.5%)

29 (18.6%)

25 (27.8%)

8 (40.0%)

 ICS/LABA (n, %) *

114 (38.3%)

6 (18.8%)

46 (29.5%)

51 (56.7%)

11 (55.0%)

 Treated with 3 or more therapies (n, %) *

77 (25.8%)

0 (0.0%)

27 (17.3%)

35 (38.9%)

15 (75.0%)

Exacerbation

  ≥ 2 for exacerbations in past year *

29 (9.7%)

2 (6.2%)

7 (4.5%)

14 (15.6%)

6 (30.0%)

 admission ≥2 or hospitalized≥1 for exacerbations in past year *

47 (15.8%)

3 (9.4%)

14 (9.0%)

21 (23.3%)

9 (45.0%)

 History of Exacerbations (n-yr) *

0.5 ± 1.3

0.3 ± 0.6

0.3 ± 1.2

0.6 ± 1.3

1.4 ± 2.3

Post-bronchodilater lung function

 FEV1 (ml) *

1.6 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.4

1.8 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.3

0.7 ± 0.2

 FEV1 (% predicted) *

55.8 ± 17.9

88.1 ± 8.3

62.2 ± 8.1

40.1 ± 5.5

25.4 ± 3.5

 FVC (ml) *

3.0 ± 0.8

3.6 ± 0.7

3.1 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 0.7

2.3 ± 0.8

 FEV1/FVC (%) *

54.3 ± 15.1

68.9 ± 7.7

59.1 ± 12.0

45.0 ± 13.6

34.9 ± 7.8

Comorbidities treated in hospital (n,%)

 CVD (Angina, MI, CHF, AF)

140 (47.0%)

17 (53.1%)

75 (48.1%)

40 (44.4%)

8 (40.0%)

 Hypertension

110 (36.9%)

15 (46.9%)

63 (40.4%)

29 (32.2%)

3 (15.0%)

 Diabetes

44 (14.8%)

5 (15.6%)

22 (14.1%)

13 (14.4%)

4 (20.0%)

 GERD

75 (25.2%)

9 (28.1%)

42 (26.9%)

21 (23.3%)

3 (15.0%)

 Anxiety / depression

20 (6.7%)

1 (3.1%)

7 (4.5%)

9 (10.0%)

3 (15.0%)

 Asthma

67 (22.5%)

6 (18.8%)

39 (25.0%)

17 (18.9%)

5 (25.0%)

 Number of comorbidities (n)

1.6 ± 1.5

1.7 ± 1.6

1.7 ± 1.5

1.5 ± 1.4

1.2 ± 1.2

  1. SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; Medical aid: tax-based health security system which targets low income group; LABA: long acting bronchodilator; LAMA: long acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s: FVC: forced vital capacity; CVD: cardiovascular disease; MI: myocardial infarction; CHF: congestive heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease;
  2. * p < 0.05, p-value was calculated to test significant differences between severity groups using Chi-square test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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