Table 2 General characteristics of the study population

Age, years

57.9 ± 13.5

58.0 ± 13.2

57.9 ± 13.3

Handgrip strength, kg

40.2 ± 8.2

25.0 ± 5.7^*

31.5 ± 10.2

Height, cm

170.9 ± 9.1

159.5 ± 5.1

164.4 ± 9.1

Weight, kg

73.0 ± 12.6

61.4 ± 10.4^*

66.4 ± 12.9

BMI, kg/m²

24.8 ± 4.0

24.1 ± 4.2

24.4 ± 4.2

Waist circumference, cm

91.4 ± 9.1

82.9 ± 11.7

86.6 ± 11.4

Hip circumference, cm

99.8 ± 7.5

97.9 ± 7.3

98.7 ± 7.4

Pulse pressure, mmHg

50.9 ± 10.1

53.0 ± 11.2^*

52.1 ± 10.8

Hb, g/L

151.9 ± 12.3

133.9 ± 11.4

141.5 ± 14.7

Plasma glucose, mmol/L

5.6 ± 1.7

5.4 ± 1.4

5.5 ± 1.5

Albumin, g/L

45.9 ± 5.0

45.8 ± 4.5

45.8 ± 4.8

Alanine aminotransferase, U/L

24.4 ± 17.6

19.0 ± 15.9

21.3 ± 16.8

Creatinine, μmol/L

83.2 ± 15.0

65.5 ± 11.5^*

73.1 ± 15.8

TC, mg/mL

4.6 ± 0.9

4.8 ± 1.0

4.7 ± 1.0

HDL, mg/mL

1.3 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.4

  ≤ High school

60.4

62.9

61.9

  ≥ College

39.6

37.1

38.1

 Regular exercise, n (%)

44.3

47.5

46.2

 Drinking, n (%)

51.2

25.7^*

36.1

 Cigarette smoking, n (%)

32.6

5.7^*

16.7

 FEV 1 (L)

2.9 ± 0.7

2.2 ± 0.5^*

2.5 ± 0.7

 FEV 2 (L)

3.3 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.5^*

2.8 ± 0.8

 FVC (L)

3.3 ± 0.7

2.5 ± 0.5^*

2.8 ± 0.8

 FEV 0.5 (L)

2.3 ± 0.6

1.7 ± 0.4^*

2.0 ± 0.5

 MEF 25 (L/s)

1.3 ± 0.6

1.1 ± 0.5^*

1.2 ± 0.6

 FEV 3 (L)

3.4 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 0.5^*

2.8 ± 0.8

 VC max (L)

3.6 ± 0.7

2.6 ± 0.5^*

3.1 ± 0.8

 VC IN (L)

3.5 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.6^*

3.0 ± 0.8

 MEF 50 (L/s)

3.7 ± 1.4

3.0 ± 1.0^*

3.3 ± 1.2

 VC EX (L)

3.4 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 0.6^*

2.9 ± 0.8

 MEF 75 (L/s)

6.0 ± 1.8

4.7 ± 1.2^*

5.2 ± 1.6

 MVV (L/min)

80.3 ± 27.8

65.7 ± 20.3^*

71.9 ± 24.9