Table 2 Multivariate cox proportional hazards regression for disease progression and fatality among COVID-19 patients in Huoshenshan hospital
From: Elevated glucose level leads to rapid COVID-19 progression and high fatality
Variable | The first disease progression from mild/moderate at admission to severe/critical during hospitalization | Disease fatality among patients with severe/critical at admission during hospitalization | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
Demographic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (year) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 < 60 | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 60–74 | 1.26 (1.02, 1.56) | 0.033* | 1.46 (0.47, 4.58) | 0.511 |
 > 74 | 1.44 (1.02, 2.03) | 0.037* | 3.41 (1.07, 10.89) | 0.038* |
Respiratory rate > 20 (%) | 1.28 (1.05, 1.57) | 0.015* |  |  |
Signs and symptoms—no. (%) |  |  |  |  |
Fever (temperature ≥ 37.5 °C) | 1.93 (1.21, 3.08) | 0.007* |  |  |
Chest tightness | 1.47 (1.12, 1.92) | 0.005* | Â | Â |
Fatigue | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) | 0.169 | Â | Â |
Laboratory findings | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 3.9–6.1 | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 < 3.9 | 1.65 (0.97, 2.81) | 0.065 | 7.31 (0.00, inf) | 0.996 |
 > 6.1 | 1.58 (1.25, 1.98) | < 0.001** | 3.22 (1.54, 6.73) | 0.002* |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤ 4 | Reference |  |  |  |
 > 4 | 1.45 (1.12, 1.87) | 0.004* |  |  |
D-dimer (mg/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤ 0.55 | Reference |  |  |  |
 > 0.55 | 1.27 (0.96, 1.67) | 0.099 |  |  |
Lymphocyte count (109/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1.1–3.2 | reference |  |  |  |
 < 1.1 | 1.44 (1.15, 1.81) | 0.002* |  |  |
 > 3.2 | 0.87 (0.31, 2.40) | 0.784 |  |  |
Lactate dehydrogenase (IU/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 120–250 | Reference |  |  |  |
 < 120 | 1.38 (0.78, 2.42) | 0.267 |  |  |
 > 250 | 1.63 (1.20, 2.20) |  < 0.001** |  |  |
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) |  |  |  |  |
 ≤ 8 | Reference |  |  |  |
 > 8 | 1.51 (1.03, 2.21) | 0.035 |  |  |
Platelets count (109/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 125–350 | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 < 125 | 0.65 (0.41, 1.05) | 0.078 | 4.39 (2.02, 9.54) | < 0.001** |
 > 350 | 1.12 (0.82, 1.53) | 0.480 | 2.60 (0.56, 11.92) | 0.220 |
Fibrinogen (g/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 2–4 | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 < 2 | 1.16 (0.53, 2.53) | 0.718 | 6.48 (1.46, 28.67) | 0.016* |
 > 4 | 1.19 (0.89, 1.59) | 0.799 | 0.77 (0.29, 2.09) | 0.611 |
Monocyte count (109/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0.1–0.6 | Reference |  |  |  |
 < 0.1 | 0.32 (0.07, 1.37) | 0.125 |  |  |
 > 0.6 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.27) | 0.762 |  |  |
Albumin (g/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 40–55 | Reference |  |  |  |
 < 40 | 1.38 (1.07, 1.77) | 0.013* |  |  |
 > 55 | 0.0009 (0.00, inf) | 0.992 |  |  |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤ 40 | Reference |  |  |  |
 > 40 | 1.24 (0.90, 1.72) | 0.189 |  |  |
Neutrophils count (109/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1.8–6.3 | Reference |  |  |  |
 < 1.8 | 1.24 (0.81, 1.88) | 0.323 |  |  |
 > 6.3 | 1.22 (0.87, 1.71) | 0.244 |  |  |
Urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 2.9–7.5 | Reference |  |  |  |
 < 2.9 | 0.83 (0.59, 1.17) | 0.277 |  |  |
 > 7.5 | 0.99 (0.64, 1.53) | 0.964 |  |  |
Cystatin C (mg/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0.51–1.09 | Reference |  |  |  |
 < 0.51 | 1.37 (0.28, 7.00) | 0.696 |  |  |
 > 1.09 | 1.01 (0.77, 1.31) | 0.980 |  |  |
Creatine kinase-MB (IU/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤ 24 |  |  | Reference |  |
 > 24 |  |  | 6.29 (2.51, 15.80) | < 0.001** |