Table 3 Differences (95% CI) in COPD-related outcomes for former and current smokers in study population residing in low food access areas versus non-low food access areas

Lung function

 FEV%Pred

− 4.40

(− 6.78, − 2.03)

 < 0.001

 COPD (odds ratio)^‡

1.42

(1.13, 1.78)

0.002

Quality of life/respiratory symptoms

 CAT

0.70

(− 0.03, 1.43)

0.060

 mMRC

0.10

(0.01, 0.20)

0.030

 SGRQ total

3.30

(1.52, 5.10)

 < 0.001

 6-min walk distance (meters)

− 3.03

(− 13.7, 7.59)

0.576

Chest CT metric

 % Emphysema (− 950)

1.22

(0.33, 2.12)

0.007

 % air trapping (− 856)

3.23

(1.45, 5.01)

 < 0.001

Exacerbations, last 12 months

 Any (OR)^b

1.24

(0.98, 1.58)

0.072

 Severe (OR)^b

1.52

(1.10, 2.10)

0.012