A systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute exacerbation of systemic autoimmune disease-associated interstitial lung disease

Kamiya, Hiroyuki; Panlaqui, Ogee Mer

doi:10.1186/s12890-021-01502-w

Table 3 Risk factors of acute exacerbation of systemic autoimmune disease-associated interstitial lung disease by univariate analysis

From: A systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute exacerbation of systemic autoimmune disease-associated interstitial lung disease

Potential risk factors^a	Studies^b	Effect estimates (95% confidence interval)^c
Demographic features
Age	Hozumi [51]	HR 1.11 (1.01–1.20) (year) (at ILD diagnosis)
	Suda [62]	HR 1.19 (1.04–1.36) (year) (at initial presentation)
	Cao [49]	HR 1.01 (0.97–1.04) (year)^d
	Akiyama [48]	MD − 2.60 (− 9.17 to 3.97) (year) (at the start of ILD treatment)
	Manfredi [55]	MD 5.00 (− 3.06 to 13.1) (year) (at ILD diagnosis)
	Liang [54]	MD 0.40 (− 3.48 to 4.28) (year)^d
Sex (men)	Akiyama [48]	RR 1.36 (0.27–6.94)
	Manfredi [55]	RR 0.94 (0.25–3.50)
	Cao [49]	HR 0.75 (0.43–1.30)^e
	Hozumi [51]	HR 0.90 (0.49–1.69)
	Suda [62]	HR 1.31 (0.53–3.25)
	Liang [54]	OR 1.00 (0.54–1.85)
Smoking history (ever-smoking vs. non-smoking)	Meta-analysis (n = 3)	HR 1.22 (0.57–2.60)
	Akiyama [48]	RR 1.19 (0.21–6.60)
	Manfredi [55]	RR 0.16 (0.02–1.23)
	Liang [54]	OR 1.10 (0.53–2.28)
Pulmonary function (before acute exacerbation)
FVC	Cao [49]	HR 0.86 (0.56–1.31) (L)
	Hozumi [51]	HR 1.02 (0.99–1.06) (% of predicted value)
	Manfredi [55]	MD − 7.60 (− 23.0 to 7.81) (% of predicted value)
DLCO	Cao [49]	HR 1.00 (0.97–1.03) (% of predicted value)
	Suda [62]	HR 1.05 (0.98–1.21) (% of predicted value)
	Liang [54]	MD − 8.70 (− 14.4 to 3.01) (% of predicted value)
	Manfredi [55]	MD − 12.3 (− 24.3 to 0.32) (% of predicted value)
Underlying radiological features
UIP pattern on HRCT	Meta-analysis (n = 4)	RR 1.55 (0.57–4.25)
	Hozumi [51]	HR 1.95 (1.07–3.63)
	Liang [54]	OR 1.40 (0.67–2.91)
Pre-treatment
Corticosteroid	Cao [49]	HR 0.42 (0.22–0.80)
	Hozumi [51]	HR 0.97 (0.53–1.92)
	Akiyama [48]	RR 3.48 (0.43–28.4)
	Manfredi [55]	RR 2.41 (0.15–38.0)
	Liang [54]	OR 1.04 (0.54–2.01)
Immunosuppressive agents	Cao [49]	HR 0.73 (0.42–1.25)
	Hozumi [51]	HR 0.76 (0.35–1.41)
	Akiyama [48]	RR 0.45 (0.06–3.65)
	Manfredi [55]	RR 7.21 (0.44–118.6)

Bold in text indicating statistical significance
CRP, C-reactive protein; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FVC, forced vital capacity; HR, hazard ratio; HRCT, high resolution computed tomography; ILD, interstitial lung disease; KL-6, Krebs von den Lungen-6; MD, mean difference; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; UIP, usual interstitial pneumonia
^aAny clinical information that was reported in at least three studies
^bWhere combined results were presented, it was designated as meta-analysis, otherwise each study was presented
^cMD was calculated as a difference between subjects with and without acute exacerbation
^dUnknown point in time
^eA comparison is unknown

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2466

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcpulmonarymedicine@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com

BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Contact us