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Table 2 The association between double oral OADs use and risk of AECOPD in T2DM patients with COPD (n = 12,916)

From: Combination therapies with thiazolidinediones are associated with a lower risk of acute exacerbations in new-onset COPD patients with advanced diabetic mellitus: a cohort-based case–control study

Level of COPD complexity

Combination of OADs

Non-AECOPD controls

AECOPD cases

Odds ratio

n

(%)

n

(%)

Crude

(95% CI)

P

Adjusted*

(95% CI)

P

Overall

           
 

SU + AGI

526

(5.1)

111

(4.4)

0.87

(0.72–1.05)

0.15

0.87

(0.72–1.05)

0.14

 

SU + DPP-4i

394

(3.8)

89

(3.5)

0.92

(0.74–1.14)

0.43

0.93

(0.75–1.15)

0.50

 

SU + TZD

247

(2.4)

41

(1.6)

0.71

(0.52–0.97)

0.03

0.69

(0.51–0.94)

0.02

 

MET + AGI

348

(3.4)

79

(3.1)

0.92

(0.74–1.16)

0.48

0.92

(0.73–1.15)

0.45

 

MET + DPP-4i

816

(7.9)

190

(7.5)

0.94

(0.81–1.09)

0.43

0.95

(0.82–1.11)

0.51

 

MET + TZD

238

(2.3)

60

(2.4)

1.00

(0.78–1.30)

0.98

1.01

(0.78–1.30)

0.96

 

MET + SU

7816

(75.3)

1961

(77.5)

1.00

(Ref.)

 

1.00

(Ref.)

 

Moderate/high

           
 

SU + AGI

290

(5.5)

49

(4.0)

0.75

(0.56–1.00)

0.05

0.77

(0.58–1.03)

0.08

 

SU + DPP-4i

232

(4.4)

40

(3.3)

0.76

(0.55–1.04)

0.09

0.78

(0.57–1.07)

0.13

 

SU + TZD

95

(1.8)

23

(1.9)

1.01

(0.67–1.53)

0.97

0.99

(0.66–1.51)

0.98

 

MET + AGI

172

(3.3)

47

(3.8)

1.11

(0.83–1.49)

0.48

1.16

(0.86–1.56)

0.32

 

MET + DPP-4i

375

(7.1)

78

(6.4)

0.89

(0.71–1.12)

0.33

0.89

(0.70–1.13)

0.34

 

MET + TZD

92

(1.7)

26

(2.1)

1.14

(0.77–1.68)

0.51

1.15

(0.78–1.70)

0.48

 

MET + SU

4004

(76.1)

959

(78.5)

1.00

(Ref.)

 

1.00

(Ref.)

 

Low

           
 

SU + AGI

236

(4.6)

62

(4.7)

1.00

(0.77–1.29)

1.00

0.96

(0.74–1.24)

0.76

 

SU + DPP-4i

162

(3.2)

49

(3.7)

1.12

(0.84–1.49)

0.45

1.11

(0.83–1.47)

0.49

 

SU + TZD

152

(3.0)

18

(1.4)

0.51

(0.32–0.81)

< 0.01

0.50

(0.32–0.80)

< 0.01

 

MET + AGI

176

(3.4)

32

(2.4)

0.74

(0.52–1.05)

0.09

0.74

(0.52–1.05)

0.10

 

MET + DPP-4i

441

(8.6)

112

(8.6)

0.97

(0.80–1.18)

0.78

0.99

(0.81–1.21)

0.90

 

MET + TZD

146

(2.8)

34

(2.6)

0.91

(0.64–1.28)

0.58

0.93

(0.66–1.32)

0.70

 

MET + SU

3812

(74.4)

1002

(76.5)

1.00

(Ref.)

 

1.00

(Ref.)

 
  1. *Adjusted for age, sex, DM status, previous and coexisting disease conditions, modified CCI, complexity of COPD and COPD medications listed in Table 1
  2. AECOPD acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AGI α-glucosidase inhibitors, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, CI confidence interval, DPP‐4i dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, DM diabetes, MET metformin, OADs oral antihyperglycemic drugs, OR odd ratio, Ref. reference group, SU sulfonylurea, TZD thiazolidinediones
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