Table 3 Univariate and multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of potential risk factors for EBUS-GS-TBB-related pneumothorax

Age (≥ 75 years)

1.07 (0.50–2.27)

0.848

Sex (male)

0.87 (0.41–1.84)

0.698

Pulmonary complication

 Emphysema (severe emphysema*)

1.46 (0.67–3.17)

0.395

2.13 (0.47–2.12)

0.074

 Pulmonary fibrosis

1.91 (0.80–4.54)

0.175

Lesion location

 Upper lobe (Rt) or upper segment (Lt)

0.37 (0.16–0.84)

0.015

0.38 (0.14–1.01)

0.053

 Lingula or middle lobe

2.39 (1.04–5.49)

0.052

1.46 (0.45–2.99)

0.358

 Lower lobe

1.49 (0.72–3.10)

0.337

 Segments located in the sagittal direction**

2.61 (1.24–5.46)

0.014

2.47 (1.09–5.58)

0.029

Lesion appearance

 Long diameter (< 20 mm)

1.32 (0.63–2.75)

0.449

 GGN*** (vs. solid lesion)

4.46 (1.74–11.44)

0.006

6.47 (2.13–19.6)

0.001

 CT bronchus sign B or C ^{ref XX}

1.31 (0.63–2.72)

0.461

 Pleural contact or indentation

0.96 (0.45–2.04)

0.961

 EBUS finding other than “within”

1.39 (0.67–2.87)

0.450

 EBUS finding “blizzard”/ “mixed-blizzard”

1.96 (0.73–5.26)

0.195

 Not visible on fluoroscopy

2.11 (1.01–4.40)

0.043

1.46 (0.65–3.28)

0.358

Final diagnosis of target lesions

 Malignancy

0.46 (0.22–0.96)

0.042

0.64 (0.66–3.67)

0.312

 Infectious disease

3.34 (1.23–9.11)

0.029

3.28 (0.99–10.87)

0.051

Years of bronchoscopist experience

 Fewer than 5 years

1.27 (0.60–2.73)

0.510

Guide sheath

 Large (diameter 2.6 mm)

1.35 (0.45–3.31)

0.562