|
Baseline characteristics
| | | |
|
Age (years)
|
77.9 ± 11.6
|
76.2 ± 10.2
|
0.476
|
|
Male, n (%)
|
12 (63.2)
|
413 (71.0)
|
0.462
|
|
Admissions for AECOPD in year prior, n (%)
| | |
0.724
|
|
0
|
444 (76.3)
|
16 (84.2)
| |
|
1
|
90 (15.5)
|
2 (10.5)
| |
|
≥ 2
|
48 (8.2)
|
1 (5.3)
| |
|
Monitoring parameters at admission
| | | |
|
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
|
36.2 ± 0.9
|
36.9 ± 0.8
|
< 0.001
|
|
Respiratory rate (beat/min)
|
27.4 ± 6.3
|
22.7 ± 6.2
|
0.001
|
|
Level of consciousness using the AVPU system, n (%)
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
A
|
8 (42.1)
|
486 (83.6)
| |
|
V
|
3 (15.8)
|
35 (6.0)
| |
|
P
|
2 (10.5)
|
27 (4.6)
| |
|
U
|
6 (31.6)
|
33 (5.7)
| |
|
Laboratory findings
| | | |
|
PH
|
7.2 ± 0.1
|
7.3 ± 0.1
|
< 0.001
|
|
PCO2 (mmHg)
|
87.4 ± 38.2
|
71.5 ± 17.1
|
< 0.001
|
|
PO2 (mmHg)
|
64.4 (53.1–91.2)
|
60.4 (45.0–81.1)
|
0.182
|
|
PaO2/FiO2
|
176.4 (99.0–240.0)
|
191.1 (139.0–253.4)
|
0.179
|
|
BE (mmol/L)
|
5.2 (-5.2–9.4)
|
8.3 (-4.7–12.3)
|
0.010
|
|
Lactic acid (mmol/L)
|
2.7 (1.4–4.8)
|
1.4 (0.9–2.4)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Lactic dehydrogenase (IU/L)
|
335.1 (246.8–600.2)
|
265.0 (208.4–418.5)
|
0.002
|
|
Potassium (mmol/L)
|
4.6 ± 0.7
|
4.2 ± 0.7
|
0.005
|
|
Magnesium (mmol/L)
|
1.0 ± 0.1
|
0.9 ± 0.1
|
0.002
|
|
Albumin (g/L)
|
32.6 ± 5.2
|
36.0 ± 5.2
|
0.006
|
|
Albumin/Globulin ratio
|
0.9 ± 0.3
|
1.1 ± 0.3
|
0.012
|
|
Blood amylase (U/L)
|
86.0 (60.5–116.5)
|
63.0 (45.0–84.8)
|
0.027
|
|
Creatinine (μmol/L)
|
81.6 (66.5–161.9)
|
74.5 (58.4–97.9)
|
0.087
|
|
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)
|
10.5 (7.9–14.2)
|
6.5 (4.9–8.7)
|
< 0.001
|
|
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
|
47.5 (23.9–81.6)
|
18.4 (4.7–56.0)
|
0.033
|
|
White blood cell count (× 109/L)
|
14.7 ± 6.4
|
10.3 ± 6.3
|
0.003
|
|
Lymphocyte count (× 109/L)
|
1.2 (0.7–1.8)
|
0.9 (0.6–1.3)
|
0.056
|
|
Neutrophils count (× 109/L)
|
11.7 ± 4.9
|
8.3 ± 5.7
|
0.011
|
|
Red blood cell count (× 1012/L)
|
4.0 ± 0.5
|
4.7 ± 2.9
|
0.001
|
|
Haematocrit (%)
|
37.8 ± 3.9
|
42.7 ± 7.4
|
0.004
|
|
Haemoglobin (g/L)
|
116.4 ± 12.9
|
135.8 ± 23.8
|
< 0.001
|
|
Platelet count (× 109/L), n (%)
| | |
0.108
|
|
< 100
|
2 (10.5)
|
53 (9.5)
| |
|
≥ 100, < 300
|
12 (63.2)
|
444 (79.6)
| |
|
≥ 300
|
5 (26.3)
|
61 (10.9)
| |
|
Mean platelet volume (fL)
|
10.1 ± 1.0
|
10.6 ± 1.2
|
0.073
|
|
Platelet distribution width (%)
|
11.2 ± 2.1
|
12.5 ± 2.9
|
0.043
|
|
Comorbidities, n (%)
| | | |
|
Pneumonia
|
7 (36.8)
|
267 (45.9)
|
0.437
|
|
Hydropneumothorax
|
0 (0.0)
|
4 (0.7)
|
1.000
|
|
Heart failure, coronary heart disease
|
3 (15.8)
|
137 (23.5)
|
0.432
|
|
Hypertension
|
0 (0.0)
|
20 (3.4)
|
0.411
|
|
Diabetes
|
0 (0.0)
|
4 (0.7)
|
0.717
|
|
Respiratory cancer
|
1 (5.3)
|
8 (1.4)
|
0.170
|
|
Chronic kidney failure
|
0 (0.0)
|
3 (0.5)
|
1.000
|
|
Pulmonary thromboembolism
|
2 (0.3)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0.798
|
|
Deep vein thrombosis
|
2 (0.3)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0.798
|
|
Intervention measures, n (%)
| | | |
|
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation
|
6 (31.6)
|
207 (35.6)
|
0.721
|
|
Invasive mechanical ventilation
|
11 (57.9)
|
126 (21.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Outcomes, n (%)
| | | |
|
Death in emergency department
|
6 (31.6)
|
0 (0.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
ICU admission
|
11 (57.9)
|
161 (27.7)
|
0.004
|
