Fig. 2

Tornado diagrams of one-way sensitivity analysis. a Male never smokers in Japan, b Female never smokers in Japan, c Male never smokers in the United States, d Female never smokers in the United States. Tornado bars display for each variable to show how the net benefit of the optimal alternate variables change. Heavy vertical lines identify threshold points. LDCT low-dose computed tomography, CXR chest X-ray, EV expected value