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Table 3 Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for risk factor with hospital-acquired pneumonia during hospitalization in medical and surgical patients

From: Comprehensive risk assessment for hospital-acquired pneumonia: sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital environmental factors associated with the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia

Characteristics

Medical

Surgical

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Age group

  

 20–29

Reference

Reference

 30–39

1.26 (1.13–1.40)

1.32 (0.97–1.80)

 40–49

1.26 (1.14–1.40)

1.90 (1.44–2.52)

 50–59

1.53 (1.39–1.68)

2.37 (1.81–3.09)

 60–69

2.01 (1.83–2.20)

3.19 (2.45–4.15)

 Over 70

3.34 (3.06–3.66)

6.70 (5.17–8.70)

Sex, male

1.33 (1.29–1.37)

1.47 (1.37–1.57)

Poverty, yes

1.03 (0.99–1.08)

1.45 (1.31–1.60)

Asthma, yes

1.77 (1.69–1.85)

1.41 (1.27–1.58)

COPD, yes

1.70 (1.60–1.80)

1.20 (1.05–1.37)

Other chronic lower respiratory disease, yes

1.86 (1.79–1.93)

1.34 (1.22–1.47)

CKD, yes

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

1.34 (1.16–1.54)

Anemia, yes

1.01 (0.96–1.07)

1.20 (1.08–1.35)

Tube feeding, Yes

3.01 (2.84–3.20)

4.21 (3.82–4.64)

Suction, Yes

2.40 (2.25–2.55)

2.10 (1.92–2.31)

Positioning care, Yes

1.71 (1.61–1.81)

1.48 (1.34–1.63)

Mechanical ventilation, Yes

1.76 (1.61–1.93)

2.06 (1.85–2.29)

ICU admission

1.05 (0.99–1.12)

2.40 (2.17–2.67)

Location of hospital

  

 Seoul metropolitan area

Reference

Reference

 Other metropolitan area

1.16 (1.06–1.27)

1.11 (1.02–1.21)

 Province

1.17 (1.08–1.27)

1.42 (1.31–1.54)

Type of hospital

  

 Tertiary

Reference

Reference

 General

1.60 (1.45–1.77)

1.27 (1.18–1.37)

Bed-to-nurse ratio* (n = 425,953)

  

 Grade1

Reference

Reference

 Grade2

1.22 (1.11–1.34)

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

 Grade3

1.34 (1.21–1.48)

1.27 (1.05–1.54)

 Grade4

1.42 (1.26–1.60)

1.46 (1.13–1.88)

 Grade \(\ge\) 5

1.43 (1.29–1.58)

1.71 (1.44–2.04)

Hospitalization room (n = 504,279)

  

 ≤ 3 beds

Reference

Reference

 4 beds

3.22 (2.86–3.62)

3.65 (2.63–5.09)

 5 beds

3.22 (2.87–3.61)

3.91 (2.82–5.41)

 6 beds

3.06 (2.74–3.42)

3.53 (2.55–4.87)

Ward with or without caregiver† (n = 469,588)

  

 With caregivers

1.17 (1.10–1.25)

1.15 (0.98–1.34)

 Without caregivers

Reference

Reference

Year

  

 2016

1.30 (1.19–1.42)

1.27 (1.17–1.37)

 2017

1.17 (1.01–1.27)

1.09 (1.00–1.19)

 2018

Reference

Reference

  1. Multivariable analysis was including age, sex, poverty, asthma, COPD, other chronic lower respiratory diseases, CKD, anemia, tube feeding, suctioning, positioning, surgery, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, year of hospitalization, location of hospital, and type of hospital
  2. CI confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio
  3. *Bed-to-nurse ratio grade is defined as follows: tertiary hospitals are divided into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.0), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.0–2.4), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), and grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0 or more). General hospitals are classified into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.5), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0–4.4), grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.5–5.9), and grade 7 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 6.0 or more)
  4. †Ward without caregiver is where patients are cared for by the nursing staff only, and caregivers do not stay at the bedside
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

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