Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of 40 hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia with or without diabetes, treated or not with glucocorticoids
|  | CAP | CAP + GC | CAP + T2DM | CAP + GC + T2DM | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 |  | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 71.2 (11.7) | 73.5 (7.7) | 74.9 (10.9) | 74.2 (9.5) | 0.886 |
median (range) | 71.5 (55.0 to 89.0) | 74.5 (61.0 to 85.0) | 76.0 (60.0 to 91.0) | 75.0 (62.0 to 88.0) | Â |
Gender, male (%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | Â |
Comorbidities, (yes), n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Pulmonary disease, without COPD | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 0.782 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 4 (40) | 10 (100) | 1 (10) | 10 (100) | Â |
Hypertension | 5 (50) | 7 (70) | 9 (90) | 7 (70) | 0.283 |
Cardiovascular disease | 5 (50) | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | 6 (60) | 0.776 |
Diabetic complications | Â | Â | 5 (50) | 8 (80) | 0.350* |
 Macrovascular disease |  |  | 5 (50) | 7 (70) | 0.650* |
 Microvascular disease |  |  | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 1.000* |
Arthritis | 3 (30) | 7 (70) | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 0.098 |
Cancer | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 1 (10) | 2 (20) | 0.741 |
Other diseases | 5 (50) | 7 (70) | 6 (60) | 8 (80) | 0.532 |
CURB-65 score, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.225 |
0 to 1 (mild) | 7 (70) | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | 8 (80) | Â |
2 (moderate) | 3 (30) | 3 (30) | 5 (50) | 2 (20) | Â |
 ≥ 3(severe) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) |  |
Early warning score, mean (SD) | 3.9 (3.3) | 4.0 (1.9) | 3.5 (2.8) | 5.5 (2.0) | 0.251 |
median (range) | 4.5 (0 to 9) | 4.5 (0 to 6) | 3 (0 to 10) | 5 (2 to 8) | Â |
Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) |  |  |  |  | – |
1 to 2 (mild) | 2 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | Â |
3 to 4 (moderate) | 3 (30) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | Â |
 ≥ 5 (severe) | 5 (50) | 9 (90) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) |  |
Main laboratory findings | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
HbA1c at admission (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 36.7 (5.0) | 37.6 (4.7) | 51.9 (9.1) | 53.9 (13.3) | – |
median (range) | 37 (31 to 48) | 38 (29 to 43) | 50 (42 to 70) | 48.5 (45 to 83) | Â |
Antidiabetic medications (yes), n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Antidiabetics at admission | Â | Â | 7 (70) | 8 (80) | 0.606* |
Insulin at admission | Â | Â | 4 (40) | 4 (40) | 1.000* |
Non-insulin therapy at admission | Â | Â | 5 (50) | 6 (60) | 0.653* |
IE of insulin per day during hospitalization (IE/day), mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4.7 (6.6) | 11.7 (11.6) | 0.102* |
median (range) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 1.5 (0.0 to 22.7) | 10.1 (0.0 to 43.3) | Â |
In hospital characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Inclusion time in study (days), mean (SD) | 4.9 (2.5) | 2.3 (0.8) | 4.5 (1.5) | 3.8 (1.4) | 0.014 |
median (range) | 4.7 (1.9 to 10.1) | 2.3 (1.1 to 3.8) | 4.2 (1.9 to 7.0) | 3.9 (1.2 to 6.0) | Â |
Length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 6.8 (4.0) | 4.4 (2.0) | 6.0 (2.3) | 7.7 (2.9) | 0.085 |
median (range) | 5.3 (2.8 to 16.0) | 4.7 (2.0 to 8.0) | 5.4 (2.0 to 11.4) | 8.7 (1.9 to 11.4) | Â |
Need for respiratory support (yes), n (%) | 1 (10) | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 0.665 |
Need for intensive care (yes), n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 0.380 |
Defect sensor time (hours), mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 3.06 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.104 |
median (range) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0.0 (0 to 24) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | Â |
Acetaminophen intake (yes), n (%) | 10 (100) | 6 (60) | 6 (60) | 1 (10) | 0.001 |
GC before admission (yes), n (%) | 1 (10) | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 0.665 |