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Table 5 Multivariable logistic regression analyzing factors associated with the recognition of respiratory symptoms of lung cancer

From: Awareness of Palestinians about lung cancer symptoms: a national cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Worsening or change in an existing cough

Coughing up blood

Persistent shortness of breath

An ache or pain when breathing

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

Age group

        

 18 to 44

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 45 or older

0.81 (0.66–0.99)

0.041

0.87 (0.71–1.06)

0.16

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

0.89

0.86 (0.72–1.03)

0.09

Gender

        

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

1.29 (1.04–1.61)

0.021

1.12 (0.91–1.37)

0.30

0.92 (0.76–1.12)

0.42

1.16 (0.96–1.40)

0.12

Educational level

        

 Secondary or below

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Above secondary

1.79 (1.51–2.11)

< 0.001

1.50 (1.29–1.76)

< 0.001

1.71 (1.47–1.98)

< 0.001

1.40 (1.21–1.61)

< 0.001

Occupation

        

 Unemployed/housewife

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Employed

1.11 (0.90–1.36)

0.35

1.28 (1.05–1.56)

0.013

1.12 (0.93–1.34)

0.24

1.18 (0.99–1.41)

0.07

 Retired

0.71 (0.44–1.15)

0.17

1.12 (0.68–1.84)

0.66

1.22 (0.74–1.99)

0.44

1.42 (0.89–2.29)

0.15

 Student

1.25 (0.90–1.75)

0.19

1.33 (0.99–1.80)

0.06

1.57 (1.17–2.09)

0.003

1.32 (0.99–1.76)

0.05

Monthly income

        

 < 1450 NIS

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 ≥ 1450 NIS

1.26 (1.01–1.56)

0.037

1.21 (0.99–1.48)

0.06

1.25 (1.03–1.51)

0.024

1.12 (0.93–1.35)

0.24

Marital status

        

 Single

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Married

0.85 (0.70–1.04)

0.10

1.06 (0.88–1.27)

0.57

0.99 (0.831.17)

0.88

0.80 (0.68–0.96)

0.014

 Divorced/Widowed

0.87 (0.56–1.36)

0.55

1.66 (1.04–2.64)

0.033

0.84 (0.57–1.22)

0.36

0.83 (0.57–1.23)

0.36

Residency

        

 Gaza Strip

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 WBJ

1.09 (0.89–1.33)

0.41

1.27 (1.05–1.54)

0.015

0.98 (0.82–1.17)

0.80

1.02 (0.85–1.22)

0.83

Having a chronic disease

        

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.27 (1.03–1.57)

0.026

1.10 (0.90–1.34)

0.36

0.92 (0.77–1.11)

0.39

0.87 (0.73–1.04)

0.13

Knowing someone with cancer

        

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.26 (1.08–1.47)

0.003

1.07 (0.92–1.23)

0.38

1.40 (1.22–1.60)

< 0.001

1.43 (1.25–1.64)

< 0.001

Ever smoked cigarettes and/or shisha

        

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.93 (0.77–1.14)

0.50

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

0.79

0.90 (0.75–1.07)

0.23

0.96 (0.80–1.14)

0.64

Site of data collection

        

 Public Spaces

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Hospitals

1.45 (1.22–1.73)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.15–1.61)

< 0.001

1.69 (1.45–1.99)

< 0.001

1.73 (1.48–2.02)

< 0.001

 Primary healthcare centers

1.69 (1.37–2.09)

< 0.001

1.56 (1.28–1.90)

< 0.001

2.03 (1.68–2.44)

< 0.001

2.10 (1.75–2.53)

< 0.001

Characteristic

Persistent chest pain

Painful cough

Persistent (3 weeks or longer) chest infection

A cough that does not go away for two or three weeks

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

Age group

        

 18 to 44

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 45 or older

1.12 (0.93–1.34)

0.23

0.96 (0.81–1.15)

0.67

1.07 (0.90–1.27)

0.48

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

0.31

Gender

        

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

0.96 (0.79–1.15)

0.63

1.12 (0.93–1.34)

0.24

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

0.4

1.19 (1.00–1.41)

0.051

Educational level

        

 Secondary or below

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Above secondary

1.27 (1.10–1.47)

0.001

1.49 (1.29–1.71)

< 0.001

1.54 (1.34–1.76)

< 0.001

1.48 (1.29–1.69)

< 0.001

Occupation

        

 Unemployed/housewife

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Employed

1.12 (0.94–1.34)

0.21

1.10 (0.93–1.31)

0.28

1.17 (0.99–1.39)

0.07

1.25 (1.06–1.47)

0.007

 Retired

1.22 (0.76–1.98)

0.41

0.98 (0.63–1.54)

0.94

1.11 (0.71–1.73)

0.66

1.13 (0.74–1.73)

0.58

 Student

1.42 (1.08–1.87)

0.021

1.36 (1.03–1.79)

0.029

1.21 (0.93–1.58)

0.15

1.32 (1.03–1.69)

0.031

Monthly income

        

 < 1450 NIS

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 ≥ 1450 NIS

1.20 (0.99–1.44)

0.06

1.22 (1.02–1.46)

0.034

1.20 (1.00–1.43)

0.051

1.18 (1.00–1.40)

0.06

Marital status

        

 Single

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Married

0.86 (0.73–1.02)

0.08

0.82 (0.70–0.97)

0.023

0.88 (0.75–1.04)

0.13

0.85 (0.72–0.99)

0.036

 Divorced/Widowed

0.87 (0.59–1.27)

0.46

0.83 (0.57–1.22)

0.35

0.64 (0.44–0.92)

0.015

0.84 (0.59–1.20)

0.34

Residency

        

 Gaza Strip

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 WBJ

0.88 (0.74–1.05)

0.15

1.13 (0.95–1.34)

0.17

0.97 (0.82–1.15)

0.70

1.13 (0.96–1.33)

0.14

Having a chronic disease

        

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.96 (0.80–1.15)

0.66

1.01 (0.85–1.21)

0.92

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

0.43

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

0.90

Knowing someone with cancer

        

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.42 (1.24–1.62)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.20–1.55)

< 0.001

1.22 (1.07–1.38)

0.003

1.16 (1.03–1.31)

0.017

Ever smoked cigarettes and/or shisha

        

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

0.54

0.96 (0.81–1.14)

0.66

0.89 (0.76–1.06)

0.19

0.94 (0.80–1.11)

0.46

Site of data collection

        

 Public Spaces

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Hospitals

1.65 (1.42–1.93)

< 0.001

1.85 (1.58–2.15)

< 0.001

1.78 (1.54–2.07)

< 0.001

1.65 (1.43–1.90)

< 0.001

 Primary healthcare centers

2.07 (1.72–2.48)

< 0.001

2.09 (1.75–2.49)

< 0.001

1.79 (1.50–2.12)

< 0.001

1.70 (1.44–2.01)

< 0.001

  1. AOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, WBJ = West Bank and Jerusalem
  2. *Adjusted for age-group, gender, educational level, occupation, monthly income, marital status, residency, having a chronic disease, knowing someone with cancer, smoking history, and site of data collection
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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