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Table 6 Multivariable logistic regression analyzing factors associated with the recognition of non-respiratory symptoms of lung cancer

From: Awareness of Palestinians about lung cancer symptoms: a national cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Persistent tiredness or lack of energy

Developing an unexplained loud, high-pitched sound when breathing

Loss of appetite

Unexplained weight loss

Changes in the shape of fingers or nails

Persistent shoulder pain

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

AOR (95% CI)*

p-value

Age group

            

 18 to 44

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 45 or older

0.98 (0.82–1.16)

0.77

0.98 (0.83–1.17)

0.86

0.96 (0.81–1.13)

0.60

1.28 (1.08–1.51)

0.004

1.07 (0.90–1.27)

0.43

1.22 (1.01–1.47)

0.036

Gender

            

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

1.06 (0.89–1.27)

0.50

1.23 (1.04–1.47)

0.018

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

0.33

1.30 (1.10–1.54)

0.002

1.11 (0.94–1.32)

0.23

1.43 (1.18–1.74)

< 0.001

Educational level

            

 Secondary or below

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Above secondary

1.41 (1.23–1.62)

< 0.001

1.31 (1.15–1.50)

< 0.001

1.12 (0.98–1.27)

0.12

1.23 (1.08–1.40)

0.002

0.88 (0.77–1.01)

0.07

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

0.33

Occupation

            

 Unemployed/housewife

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Employed

1.13 (0.96–1.34)

0.15

1.20 (1.02–1.42)

0.031

0.92 (0.78–1.08)

0.32

1.24 (1.06–1.46)

0.007

0.97 (0.82–1.14)

0.70

1.07 (0.89–1.28)

0.48

 Retired

1.26 (0.80–1.98)

0.32

0.99 (0.65–1.50)

0.94

1.08 (0.70–1.66)

0.75

1.09 (0.72–1.67)

0.68

0.83 (0.53–1.28)

0.40

0.85 (0.52–1.39)

0.51

 Student

1.31 (1.01–1.69)

0.043

1.20 (0.93–1.54)

0.16

1.01 (0.79–1.29)

0.92

1.09 (0.86–1.38)

0.48

1.18 (0.92–1.50)

0.20

1.04 (0.79–1.37)

0.77

Monthly income

            

 < 1450 NIS

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 ≥ 1450 NIS

1.07 (0.89–1.28)

0.46

1.03 (0.86–1.22)

0.77

1.00 (0.84–1.19)

0.97

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

0.31

0.84 (0.71–1.00)

0.048

1.25 (1.04–1.52)

0.021

Marital status

            

 Single

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Married

1.01 (0.86–1.19)

0.91

0.89 (0.76–1.04)

0.13

1.18 (1.01–1.38)

0.034

1.15 (.99–1.34)

0.06

1.02 (0.87–1.19)

0.85

0.87 (0.73–1.04)

0.13

 Divorced/Widowed

0.87 (0.61–1.26)

0.47

1.15 (0.79–1.67)

0.48

1.17 (.81–1.68)

0.40

1.03 (0.72–1.46)

0.89

0.89 (0.62–1.29)

0.54

1.00 (.68–1.48)

1.00

Residency

            

 Gaza Strip

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 WBJ

0.83 (0.70–0.98)

0.032

1.12 (0.95–1.32)

0.17

0.91 (0.78–1.07)

0.27

1.02 (0.87–1.19)

0.81

0.86 (0.73–1.01)

0.06

0.71 (0.59–0.85)

< 0.001

Having a chronic disease

            

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.98 (0.82–1.16)

0.81

1.00 (0.84–1.18)

0.98

0.92 (0.781.09)

0.35

0.98 (0.83–1.15)

0.79

0.99 (0.83–1.17)

0.88

1.23 (1.03–1.48)

0.026

Knowing someone with cancer

            

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.55 (1.37–1.76)

< 0.001

1.06 (0.94–1.20)

0.35

1.59 (1.40–1.79)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.28–1.63)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.26–1.61)

< 0.001

1.15 (1.00–1.32)

0.043

Ever smoked cigarettes and/or shisha

            

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.92 (0.78–1.09)

0.32

0.91 (0.77–1.07)

0.24

1.01 (0.86–1.18)

0.95

1.02 (0.87–1.19)

0.80

0.89 (0.75–1.04)

0.15

0.88 (0.72–1.06)

0.17

Site of data collection

            

 Public Spaces

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Hospitals

1.64 (1.42–1.90)

< 0.001

1.93 (1.67–2.23)

< 0.001

1.22 (1.06–1.41)

0.005

1.49 (1.30–1.72)

< 0.001

1.08 (0.94–1.25)

0.23

1.03 (0.87–1.22)

0.71

 Primary healthcare

1.93 (1.62–2.29)

< 0.001

1.98 (1.68–2.35)

< 0.001

1.56 (1.32–1.84)

< 0.001

1.74 (1.48–2.05)

< 0.001

1.08 (0.92–1.28)

0.34

1.85 (1.55–2.21)

< 0.001

  1. AOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, WBJ = West Bank and Jerusalem
  2. *Adjusted for age-group, gender, educational level, occupation, monthly income, marital status, residency, having a chronic disease, knowing someone with cancer, smoking history, and site of data collection
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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