Fig. 1

Variable selection using the LASSO binary logistic regression model. a Profiles of the LASSO coefficients for the 38 candidate variables. b Optimal penalization coefficient (λ) selection in the LASSO model using tenfold cross-validation via minimum criteria. Note: the left vertical line represents the minimum error, and the right vertical line represents the one standard error of the minimum criteria (1-SE criterion). LASSO least absolute shrinkage and selection operator