Table 1 Core characteristics of the included studies
Study ID | Country origin | Sample size | Mean age (years) | Female (%) | APACHE II score | Follow-up time (day) | Treatment intervention | Control intervention | Center | Setting | Disease types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | |||||||||||
Spindler-Vesel 2007 [50] | Slovenia | 26/87 | 41.00 | 22.12 | 13.00 | ICU stay | Synbiotic, qd | Control | S | SICU | Multiple injures |
Forestier 2008 [17] | France | 102/106 | 58.47 | 29.81 | 44.40b | 78.00 | Probiotic, bid | Placebo | S | ICU | Multi-disease |
Knight 2009 [38] | England | 130/129 | 49.75 | 37.84 | 17.00 | Hospital stay | Synbiotic, bid | Placebo | S | ICU | Multi-disease |
Giamarellos-Bourboulis 2009 [51] | Greece | 36/36 | 54.40 | 18.46 | 19.36 | 28.00 | Synbiotic, qd | Placebo | M | SICUs | Multiple injures |
Morrow 2010 [20] | America | 73/73 | 53.55 | 41.10 | 23.20 | 25.00 | Probiotic, bid | Placebo | S | ICU | Multi-disease |
Barraud 2010 [37] | France | 87/80 | 60.70 | 59.28 | 59.80b | 90.00 | Probiotic, qd | Placebo | S | ICU | Multi-disease |
Tan 2011 [34] | China | 26/26 | 40.65 | 23.08 | 14.55 | 28.00 | Probiotic, tid | Control | S | ICU | Severe traumatic brain-injured |
Oudhuis 2011 [35] | Netherlands | 130/124 | 62.72 | 38.19 | 22.02 | 75.00 | Probiotic, bid | Control | M | ICUs | Multi-disease |
Rongrungruang 2015 [39] | Thailand | 75/75 | 71.02 | 58.67 | 19.65 | 90.00 | Probiotic, qd | Control | S | ICU | Multi-disease |
Zeng 2016 [36] | China | 118/117 | 52.39 | 41.28 | 15.65 | 14.00 | Probiotic, tid | Control | M | ICUs | Multi-disease |
Zarinfar 2016 [41] | Iran | 33/33 | 47.80 | 31.67 | – | – | Probiotic, tid | Control | S | ICU | Multi-disease |
Shimizu 2018 [19] | Japan | 35/37 | 74.00 | 34.72 | 19.51 | 28.00 | Synbiotic, qd | Control | M | ICUs | Sepsis |
Klarin 2018 [52] | Sweden | 69/68 | 65.75 | 44.53 | 22.99 | 180.00 | Probiotic,bid | Control | M | ICUs | Multi-disease |
Kooshki 2018 [53] | Iran | 30/30 | 56.95 | – | 23.20 | 84.00 | Prebiotic, bidc | Control | M | ICUs | Multi-disease |
Anandaraj 2019 [54] | India | 72/74 | 42.51 | 41.78 | 19.49 | Hospital stay | Probiotic, bid | Placebo | S | ICU, HDU | Multi-disease |
Mahmoodpoor 2019 [30] | Iran | 48/54 | 58.25 | 46.08 | 23.41 | 14.00 | Probiotic, bid | Placebo | M | SICUs | Multi-disease |
Tsaousi 2019 [55] | Greece | 28/30 | – | – | – | 30.00 | Probiotic, qd | Placebo | S | ICU | Multiple injures |
Habib 2020 [56] | Egypt | 32/33 | 39.48 | 20.00 | – | ICU stay | Probiotic, tid | Placebo | S | ICU | Multiple injures |
Nazari 2020 [57] | Iran | 73/74 | 52.60 | 31.29 | – | Hospital stay | Probiotic,bid | Placebo | M | NICU | Multitrauma |
Johnstone 2021 [18] | multicountry | 1318/1332 | 59.85 | 40.11 | 22.00 | 60 | Probiotic,bid | Placebo | M | ICUs | Multi-disease |
Neonates/children | |||||||||||
Li 2012 [58] | China | 82/83 | 0.61 | 44.24 | – | – | Probiotic,qd | Control | S | PICU | Multi-disease |
Banupriya 2015 [59] | India | 75/75 | 2.92 | 39.33 | 11.43a | Hospital stay | Probiotic,bid | Control | S | PICU | Multi-disease |
Angurana 2018 [40] | India | 50/50 | 3.65 | 40.00 | 16.00 | ICU stay | Probiotic, bid | Placebo | S | PICU | Severe Sepsis |