Fig. 1

Bleomycin mouse models. A Study design, intratracheal instillation of bleomycin or saline (NaCl) was administered to anesthetized mice at day 0. Lung tissues and serum were collected from mice at 7 and 14 days of bleomycin induction and from control mice for histopathological and metabolomic assays.; B TGF-β1 and ɑ-SMA expression of mouse lung tissues were analyzed using western blot at 7 and 14 days after bleomycin instillation; C Lung histopathology after a single dose of bleomycin treatment (HE and Masson staining). Representative hematoxylin- and eosin-stained (a, b, and c) and Masson's trichrome-stained (d, e, and f) lung tissue sections are shown. The mice were sacrificed at 7 (b and e) and 14 (c and f) days after bleomycin instillation. Except for the PBS control (a and d), all panels showed lung sections from bleomycin-treated mice. The lungs were inflated with 10% buffered formaldehyde. Original magnification, 20X; D The results of TGF-β1 immunohistochemistry. Positive Area Ratio, reflecting the proportion of the positive area. Statistical significance by two-tailed Student’s t-tests: ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ns, not significant