Fig. 2

The short-term effects of glycopyrronium on cilia-driven flow and ciliary motility Murine tracheal epithelia were incubated for 1 h with/without glycopyrronium (GLY) in the culture medium. The cilia-driven flow and ciliary motility were then evaluated. A. Representative bead trajectories of cilia-driven flow (rainbow trace for 4.4 s). B. the histogram of the cilia-driven flows (200 beads from 4 tracheas) in each condition. C. the bar chart of the cilia-driven flow demonstrated that GLY significantly increased cilia-driven flow (control, 8.63 ± 0.39 μm/s; GLY, 11.85 ± 1.21 μm/s; n = 4 tracheas in each condition). D. Kymographs of ciliary beating. E. GLY significantly increased ciliary beat frequency (CBF; control, 13.48 [10.55–19.92] Hz; GLY, 18.75 [15.23–24.61] Hz; n = 30 cilia in each condition). F. The ciliary beating amplitude did not differ between the conditions (control, 4.31 ± 0.16 μm; GLY, 4.29 ± 0.15 μm). G and H. The effective stroke velocity (G) (control, 504.4 ± 20.7 μm/s; GLY, 734.9 ± 40.3 μm/s) and recovery stroke velocity (H) (control, 393.9 ± 15.1 μm/s; GLY, 602.2 ± 35.5 μm/s) were significantly increased by GLY treatment compared with the control. I. The ratio of effective stroke velocity to recovery stroke velocity (E/R ratio) did not differ between the two conditions (control, 1.30 ± 0.05; GLY, 1.25 ± 0.05). Ctrl, control