Fig. 4
From: Effects of long-acting muscarinic antagonists on promoting ciliary function in airway epithelium
The effects of glycopyrronium or tiotropium on ciliary motility in normal human bronchial epithelial cells Well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells cultured under air–liquid interface (ALI) conditions for 4 weeks were treated for 1 h with/without glycopyrronium (GLY) or tiotropium (TIO) in the culture medium. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was then evaluated. A. Kymographs of ciliary beating. B. GLY significantly increased CBF (CBF; control, 11.72 [9.38–14.06] Hz; GLY, 12.89 [9.38–17.58] Hz; n = 30 cilia in each condition). C. Kymographs of ciliary beating. D. TIO significantly increased CBF (control, 9.38 [4.69–11.72] Hz; TIO, 10.55 [5.86–15.23] Hz; n = 30 cilia in each condition). Ctrl, control