Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Characteristics | Total n = 760 | GBTM lactate groups | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 n = 409 | Group 2 n = 296 | Group 3 n = 55 | |||
Demographics | |||||
Age, year | 62.2 ± 16.7 | 61.5 ± 17.9 | 63.2 ± 15.6 | 62.1 ± 13.4 | 0.400 |
Male, n (%) | 464 (61.1) | 258 (63.1) | 178 (60.1) | 28 (50.9) | 0.200 |
Previous history | |||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 401 (52.8) | 224 (54.8) | 153 (51.7) | 24 (43.6) | 0.270 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 235 (30.9) | 141 (34.5) | 82 (27.7) | 12 (21.8) | 0.054 |
CAD, n (%) | 174 (22.9) | 109 (26.7) | 54 (18.2) | 11 (20.0) | 0.029 |
Stroke, n (%) | 167 (22.0) | 100 (24.4) | 59 (19.9) | 8 (14.5) | 0.150 |
Renal failure, n (%) | 76 (10.0) | 53 (13.0) | 19 (6.40) | 4 (7.30) | 0.014 |
Cancer, n (%) | 95 (12.5) | 34 (8.30) | 49 (16.6) | 12 (21.8) | < 0.001 |
On-admission clinical characteristics | |||||
SBP, mmHg | 137.3 ± 35.1 | 145.3 ± 34.2 | 130.7 ± 33.2 | 113.3 ± 33.9 | < 0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 70.3 ± 19.1 | 74.6 ± 18.7 | 66.9 ± 18.1 | 57.5 ± 17.7 | < 0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 101.7 ± 24.1 | 97.9 ± 23.0 | 105.1 ± 25.2 | 110.7 ± 21.2 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 58.8 ± 41.7 | 60.8 ± 44.2 | 58.0 ± 38.7 | 47.7 ± 36.6 | 0.082 |
Fluid intake, mL/h | 161.9 (113.3–243.9) | 151.7 (106.8–226.9) | 166.3 (116.3–230.5) | 276.5 (168.8–441.6) | < 0.001 |
Fluid outtake, mL/h | 136.0 (84–234.9) | 141.5 (85.6–227.8) | 126.3 (79.0–231.9) | 145.5 (94.1–316.0) | 0.200 |
RBC, 109/L | 3.36 (2.62–4.12) | 3.40 (2.67–4.14) | 3.35 (2.64–4.07) | 3.04 (2.53–3.96) | 0.210 |
WBC, 109/L | 10.8 (7.70–16.0) | 10.4 (7.54–14.2) | 11.7 (8.17–17.8) | 12.3 (7.39–17.4) | 0.016 |
Platelet, 109/L | 165.0 (93.0–227.0) | 179.0 (117.0–240.0) | 146.0 (73.0–210.5) | 102.0 (37.0–170.0) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 101.0 (80.0–124.5) | 101.0 (80.0–125.0) | 104.0 (80.0–123.5) | 94.0 (74.0–125.0) | 0.570 |
ALT, U/L | 36.0 (22.0–77.0) | 29.0 (19.0–56.0) | 44.0 (23.0–90.0) | 67.0 (28.0–224.0) | < 0.001 |
AST, U/L | 53.0 (32.0–116.0) | 43.0 (28.0–76.0) | 66.0 (36.0–168.0) | 133.0 (63.0–428.0) | < 0.001 |
Albumin, g/L | 30.0 (26.0–34.0) | 31.0 (28.0–35.0) | 30.0 (26.0–33.0) | 25.0 (22.0–30.0) | < 0.001 |
GCS Score | 13 (7–15) | 14 (8–15) | 11 (5–15) | 12 (4–15) | < 0.001 |
APACHE II Score | 18 (13–24) | 17 (12–22) | 20 (16–26) | 21 (15–31) | < 0.001 |
SOFA Score | 11 (8–14) | 10 (8–12) | 12 (10–16) | 17 (13–20) | < 0.001 |
PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | < 0.001 | ||||
200–300 | 307 (40.4) | 202 (49.4) | 90 (30.4) | 15 (27.3) | |
100–200 | 323 (42.5) | 171 (41.8) | 123 (41.6) | 29 (52.7) | |
< 100 | 130 (17.1) | 36 (8.80) | 83 (28.0) | 11 (20.4) | |
Emergency surgical operation, n (%) | |||||
93 (12.2) | 31 (7.60) | 49 (16.6) | 13 (23.6) | < 0.001 | |
Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | |||||
482 (63.4) | 210 (50.0) | 224 (75.7) | 48 (87.3) | < 0.001 | |
Other in-hospital treatment within 24 h of admission | |||||
Antibiotics, n (%) | 676 (88.9) | 353 (86.0) | 273 (92.2) | 50 (90.9) | 0.043 |
Sedative and analgesic, n (%) | 472 (62.1) | 238 (57.1) | 194 (65.5) | 40 (72.7) | 0.036 |
Glucocorticoid, n (%) | 353 (46.4) | 137 (32.2) | 182 (61.1) | 35 (63.6) | < 0.001 |
CRRT, n (%) | 260 (34.2) | 130 (33.5) | 100 (33.8) | 30 (54.5) | 0.005 |
LWMH, n (%) | 101 (13.3) | 65 (14.7) | 33 (11.1) | 1 (1.80) | 0.003 |
Sodium bicarbonate, n (%) | 358 (47.1) | 162 (39.3) | 158 (53.4) | 38 (69.1) | < 0.001 |
Vasoactive medications, n (%) | 245 (32.2) | 81 (19.5) | 122 (41.2) | 42 (76.4) | < 0.001 |
Blood component transfusion, n (%) | 274 (36.1) | 119 (27.4) | 117 (39.5) | 38 (69.1) | < 0.001 |