Table 1 The baseline characteristics between the COPD group and healthy controls

Demographic

Sex (male/female)

56/3

11/5

9.04^a

0.003

Age (years)

60.37 ± 6.56

58.75 ± 7.10

0.86

0.391

BMI (kg/cm²)

24.23 ± 2.84

23.61 ± 3.53

0.74

0.465

Smoking (n (%))

Ex-smoker

37 (62.71%)

0

–

–

Current smoker

14 (23.73%)

0

–

–

Non-smoker

8 (13.56%)

16 (100%)

43.22^a

P < 0.001

Pulmonary function

FEV1 (L)

1.68 ± 0.91

2.69 ± 0.45

 − 4.28

P < 0.001

FEV1, %predicted

51.34 ± 22.24

89.82 ± 13.51

 − 6.58

P < 0.001

FVC(L)

2.93 ± 0.93

3.17 ± 0.58

 − 0.96

0.340

FVC, %predicted

74.09 ± 21.25

86.93 ± 13.30

 − 2.29

0.005

COPD severity, n (%)

GOLD1

9(15.25%)

–

–

–

GOLD2

19(32.20%)

–

–

–

GOLD3

18(30.51%)

–

–

–

GOLD4

13(22.03%)

–

–

–

Self-management

CAT scores

13.80 ± 6.45

–

–

–

mMRC

1 (1,3)

6MWT(m)

447.07 ± 102.43

–

–

–