Fig. 1

Study flow chart of patient identification and selection. Study flow chart of patient identification and selection. A total of 125 records were excluded from the 1,989 cases registered in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) taskforce database for the following reasons: 51 were not Japanese, 26 lacked essential clinical information, and 49 had an unknown outcome. Ultimately, 1,863 cases met the eligibility criteria, of which 228 had complications from bacterial infections. Of these, 140 were respiratory bacterial infections, comprising 54 co-infections, 85 secondary infections, and one case of multiple infections