Table 1 Characteristics of the overall cohort and the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups

Baseline

Age, years

61 ± 16.6

60.6 ± 15.8

63.5 ± 19.7

0.052†

Male sex

371 (44.1)

302 (43)

69 (50)

0.134*

Comorbidities

Charlson Comorbidity Index

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

0.001^#

History of diabetes

259 (30.8)

222 (31.6)

37 (26.8)

0.313*

Hypertension

436 (51.8)

369 (52.5)

67 (48.6)

0.403*

Cardiopathy

156 (18.5)

121 (17.2)

32 (25.4)

0.031*

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

105 (12.5)

69 (9.8)

36 (26.1)

< 0.001*

Renal disease

50 (5.9)

44 (6.4)

4 (4.3)

0.554*

Peripheral vascular diseases

20 (2.4)

18 (2.6)

2 (1.4)

0.758*

Cerebrovascular diseases

40 (4.8)

28 (4.0)

12 (8.7)

0.027*

Chronic neurologic diseases

34 (4.0)

23 (3.3)

11 (8.0)

0.017*

Cognitive impairment or dementia

31 (3.7)

17 (2.4)

14 (10.1)

< 0.001*

Rheumatologic or connective tissue disease

28 (3.3)

26 (3.7)

2 (1.4)

0.295*

Chronic liver disease

10 (1.2)

7 (1.0)

3 (2.2)

0.217*

Cancer

33 (3.9)

27 (3.8)

6 (4.3)

0.810*

HIV/AIDS

11 (1.3)

9 (1.3)

2 (1.4)

0.699*

Presumed obesity

250 (29.7)

226 (32.1)

24 (17.4)

< 0.001*

ICU admission status

Time from symptom onset to ICU admission, days^a

7 (4–9)

7 (5–10)

4 (2–7)

< 0.001^#

APACHE II score in the first 24 h in ICU

13 (8–19)

13 (8–20)

13 (8–18)

0.707^#

SOFA score in the first 24 h in ICU

4 (2–6)

3 (2–6)

4 (2–6)

0.350^#

CRP level in the first 24 h in the ICU^b

115 (57.1–177)

23 (68.9–184)

43.1 (15–124)

< 0.001^#

VAD at admission

144 (17.1)

119 (16.9)

25 (18.1)

0.712*

IMV at admission

232 (27.6)

191 (27.2)

41 (29.7)

0.534*

Related to glycemic abnormalities in the ICU

Highest glucose value at ICU admission^c (mg/dL)

161(123–224)

165 (124–235)

146 (118–187)

0.002 ^#

Highest glucose value during ICU stay (mg/dL)

233 (167–372)

242 (172–383)

187 (142–289)

< 0.001^#

Mean glucose value during ICU stay (mg/dL)

145.9 (121.5–196.8)

149.7 (122.9–201)

132.6 (111.6–171.6)

< 0.001^#

Mean glucose variability (CV %) during ICU stay^d

27.4 (20.2–39.9)

28.1 (20.4–41.1)

25.0 (18.7–34.5)

0.013^#

% of days with hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/dL)

33.3 (0–82.4)

42.9 (0–85.7)

11.1 (0–66.7)

< 0.001^#

Occurrence of hypoglycemia (< 70 mg/dL) during ICU stay

218 (25.9)

184 (26.2)

34 (24.6)

0.751*

Related to progression within 30 days of ICU stay

Nosocomial infection

169 (20.1)

151 (21.5)

18 (13)

0.027*

Mean SOFA score during ICU stay

4.3 (2.3–7)

4.4 (2.3–7.3)

4.1 (2.2–5.9)

0.033^#

Mean CRP level during ICU stay^b

118.7 (65.3–178.7)

126.5 (73.9–182.7)

66.4 (24–144.6)

< 0.001^#

Use of VAD during ICU stay

423 (50.3)

370 (52.6)

53 (38.4)

0.003*

Use of IMV during ICU stay

445 (52.9)

385 (54.8)

60 (43.5)

0.016*

Lowest PaO2/FiO2 ratio during ICU stay

< 0.001‡

 > 300

72 (8.6)

54 (7.7)

18 (13)

 ≤ 300

164 (19.5))

120 (17.1)

44 (31.9)

 ≤ 200

258 (30.7)

208 (29.6)

50 (36.2)

 ≤ 100

347 (41.3)

321 (45.7)

26 (18.8)

Use of corticosteroid during ICU stay

551 (65.5)

499 (71)

52 (37.7)

< 0.001*

ICU length of stay

6 (3–12)

6 (3–13)

4.5 (3–10)

0.011^#

ICU mortality

320 (38)

290 (41.3)

30 (21.7)

< 0.001*