Table 2 Determinants of ARI among children under age five in India

Number (Percent)

Number (Percent)

AOR (95% CI) (p value)

Child’s age (in months)

0–11

44,493(20.0)

1489 (3.4)

1.43 (1.28–1.60) (< 0.001)

12–23

43,247(19.5)

1429 (3.3)

1.41 (1.26–1.58) (< 0.001)

24–35

43,916(19.8)

1193 (2.7)

1.23 (1.09–1.38) (< 0.001)

36–47

44,075(19.8)

1104 (2.5)

1.16 (1.03–1.30) (0.013)

48–59

46,503(20.9)

983 (2.1)

1.00

Child’s sex

Male

115,196(51.8)

3480 (3.0)

1.00

Female

107,037(48.2)

2718 (2.5)

0.84 (0.79–0.90) (< 0.001)

Child’s nutritional status

Stunted

71,566(32.2)

2101 (2.9)

1.00

Not stunted

130,185(58.6)

3651 (2.8)

0.99 (0.92–1.07) (0.884)

Missing

20,481(9.2)

445 (2.2)

0.79 (0.69–0.91) (0.001)

Whether child had diarrhea recently

No

205,645(92.5)

4807 (2.3)

1.00

Yes

16,213(7.3)

1386 (8.6)

3.67 (3.38–3.99) (< 0.001)

Don’t know

375(0.2)

5 (1.3)

0.61 (0.24–1.52) (0.288)

Child’s birth order

Less than/equal to 3

196,129(88.3)

5369 (2.7)

1.00

Greater than 3

26,103(11.8)

829 (3.2)

1.08 (0.98–1.19) (0.139)

Mother’s education

Not educated

46,635(21.0)

1343 (2.9)

1.00

Educated

175,597(79.0)

4855 (2.8)

1.09 (0.99–1.19) (0.075)

Mother had respiratory diseases/asthma

Yes

1958(0.9)

138 (7.0)

1.00

No

220,275(99.1)

6060 (2.8)

2.48 (1.91–3.21) (< 0.001)

Mother’s exposure to mass media

Yes

116,338(52.4)

3080 (2.7)

1.00

No

105,895(47.7)

3117 (2.9)

1.03 (0.95–1.11) (0.481)

Type of fuel used for cooking

Solid fuel

103,785(46.7)

3112 (3.0)

1.00

Clean fuel

105,884(47.7)

2751 (2.6)

0.94 (0.86–1.02) (0.126)

Not resident/no food cooked in home

12,563(5.7)

335 (2.7)

0.86 (0.74–1.01) (0.062)

Smoke exposure in the household

Never

120,699(54.3)

2989 (2.5)

1.00

Daily/weekly

81,065(36.5)

2535 (3.1)

1.22 (1.14–1.31) (< 0.001)

Monthly/less than once a month

20,466(9.2)

673 (3.3)

1.28 (1.14–1.43) (< 0.001)

Separate kitchen in the household

No

60,635(27.3)

1991 (3.3)

1.00

Yes

161,598(72.7)

4206 (2.6)

0.86 (0.79–0.93) (< 0.001)

Household crowding

Not crowded ( < = 3 persons sleep in a room)

130,139(58.6)

3561 (2.7)

1.00

Crowded (> 3 persons sleep in a room)

92,094(41.4)

2637 (2.9)

0.98 (0.91–1.05) (0.557)

Place of handwashing in household

Not observed

8184(3.7)

257 (3.1)

1.00

Observed

214,049(96.3)

5941 (2.8)

0.92 (0.77–1.09) (0.339)

Season of interview

Winter

98,122(44.2)

2952 (3.0)

1.00

Summer

34,757(15.6)

853 (2.5)

0.83 (0.75–0.91) (< 0.001)

Rainy

89,353(40.2)

2393 (2.7)

0.82 (0.75–0.88) (< 0.001)

Wealth Quintile

Poorest

53,817(24.2)

1723 (3.2)

1.00

Poorer

47,984(21.6)

1472 (3.1)

0.95 (0.86–1.04) (0.265)

Middle

43,519(19.6)

1167 (2.7)

0.85 (0.75–0.95) (0.005)

Richer

41,242(18.6)

993 (2.4)

0.79 (0.69–0.91) (0.001)

Richest

35,671(16.1)

844 (2.4)

0.85 (0.72–0.99) (0.038)

Religion

Hindu

176,335(79.4)

4927 (2.8)

1.00

Muslim

36,163(16.3)

1000 (2.8)

1.01 (0.91–1.12) (0.881)

Others

9735(4.4)

270 (2.8)

1.12 (0.96–1.29) (0.152)

Caste

Scheduled caste

51,395(23.1)

1551 (3.0)

1.00

Scheduled tribe

22,135(10.0)

532 (2.4)

0.76 (0.67–0.85) (< 0.001)

Others

136,623(61.5)

3770 (2.8)

0.98 (0.91–1.07) (0.708)

Missing/don’t know

12,080(5.4)

345 (2.9)

1.03 (0.86–1.23) (0.772)

Place of Residence

Urban

59,780(26.9)

1378 (2.3)

1.00

Rural

162,452(73.1)

4820 (3.0)

1.19 (1.08–1.32) (0.001)

TOTAL

222,233

6198 (2.8)

Pseudo R [2]

0.0351