Table 1 Characteristics of included trials
| Â | Â | Â | Intervention group | Control group | Â | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
study | country | Sample size | types | Intensity | frequency | types | intensity | frequency | Outcome |
Zou et al., 2022 [29] | China | 90 | ABCDEF program : Acapella positive vibration pressure training, breathing exercises, cycling training, dance in the square, education, and follow-up | Gradually increase the intensity, the lowest level at the beginning | Each for 15–20 min or 10–15 min, Twice or thrice a day (beginning at the perioperative period and lasting for 3 months) | Breathe deeply, surgical cooperation, oral care, turning over, oxygen inhalation, and atomization inhalation, shrinking lip breathing, blowing balloons, effective cough training, and climbing stairs | NR | NR | FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, 6 MWT, Borg score, the incidence of postoperative complications, length of indwelling chest tube, and length of postoperative stay |
Brocki et al., 2016 [30] | Denmark | 70 | IMT | 30% of MIP | 15 reps/set, 2 sets/session, twice daily (1 working day before surgery and continuing for 2 weeks after surgery) | standard physiotherapy Treatment: deep inspiration, coughing, huffing technique | NR | NR | MIP, MEP,6MWT, Dyspnea after–before 6MWT, Oxygen saturation after 6MWT, FVC% predicted, FEV1% predicted, FEV1/FVC ratio |
Liu et al., 2021 [25] | China | 54 | IMT and aerobic exercise | The initial resistance load was set at 30% MIP | IMT: 30 reps/set, 2 sets/day aerobic exercise: 60-min/day (beginning on the day of chest tube removal to 6Â weeks after discharge) | standard pulmonary rehabilitation program: smoking cessation and breathing control, upper and lower limb exercises, incentive spirometry, lung expansion therapy, and airway clearance therapy | NR | NR | MIP, MEP,6MWT, Lung expansion Volume |
Zhou et al., 2022 [28] | China | 86 | relaxing and exercising the intercostal muscles, thoracic costal joint, and abdominal breathing muscles education, aerobic exercise, and breathing exercises | VAS was 2–6 points | NR (after surgery and last for 28 days) | Routine program: Education, aerobic exercise and breathing exercises | NR | Breathing exercise: 9–15 min/set, 2 times/day aerobic exercise: 15 min/set, 2 sets/day | PEF, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FVC,6MWT, Borg scale score |
Li et al., 2018 [31] | China | 69 | standard treatment and positive vibration pressure training | starting from the minimum resistance on the positive vibration pressure training | 10–20 reps/set, 1 set every 2 h (beginning at the perioperative period and lasting for 1 month) | standard clinic care; Preoperative education, abdominal breathing training, cough training, pain management | NR | NR | PPCs, the duration of total hospital stay and postoperative hospital stay, The drug cost, FEV1, PEF |
Shen et al., 2021 [26] | China | 92 | Convention breathing exercises and breathing exercise device | NR | 10–15 reps/ set, 6 sets/ day (beginning after surgery and lasting for 3 months) | Convention breathing exercises: deep coughing, pursed lip breathing, abdominal breathing, balloon blowing | NR | NR | FEV1, FVC, MVV, Borg score, 6MWT, PPCs |
Yang et al., 2021 [27] | China | 110 | Respirator exercises: pursed lip breathing, balloon blowing | NR | 10–15 reps/set, 2 sets/day (beginning after surgery and lasting for 3 months) | routine clinic care: Monitor vital signs, guide medication, respiratory management, diet management, pain management, and psychological care | NR | NR | FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC oxygen saturation, blood partial pressure of oxygen, quality of life, PPCs |