Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analysis for predictors of COPD

Age, years

35.2 (8.8)

36.1 (8.8)^**

1.01

0.96–1.06

0.62

-

Gender

 Female

13 (18.57)

8 (24.24)

1

-

-

1

-

-

 Males

57 (81.43)

25 (75.76)

0.71

0.26–1.93

0.51

0.25

0.06–1.16

0.076

BMI category

 Normal

43 (61.43)

21 (63.64)

1

-

-

1

-

-

 Underweight

1 (1.43)

2 (6.06)

4.10

0.35–47.77

0.261

6.91

0.61–78.53

0.119

 Overweight

17 (24.29)

9 (27.27)

1.08

0.41–2.84

0.869

0.90

0.33–2.46

0.838

 Obese

9 (12.86)

1 (3.03)

0.23

0.03–1.92

0.173

0.09

0.01–0.91

0.04

Education level

 No/informal education

7 (10)

2 (6.06)

1

-

-

-

 Primary level

54 (77.14)

23 (69.70)

3.11

0.5-19.54

0.226

-

 Secondary level

9 (12.86)

8 (24.24)

1.49

0.29–7.73

0.634

-

Smoking cigarettes

 No

48 (68.57)

22 (66.67)

1

-

-

1

-

-

 Yes

22 (31.43)

11 (33.33)

1.09

0.45–2.64

0.847

0.96

0.31–2.95

0.94

History of TB treatment

 No

68 (97.1)

32 (96.9)

1

-

-

1

-

-

 Yes

2 (2.86)

1 (3.03)

1.06

0.09–12.15

0.961

1.75

0.2-15.38

0.62

Exposure to fish frying

 Less than 1 year

2 (2.86)

3 (9.09)

1

-

-

-

 1 to 5 years

27 (38.57)

7 (21.21)

0.17

0.02–1.24

0.081

-

 5 to 10 years

24 (34.29)

14 (42.42)

0.39

0.06–2.62

0.332

-

 Above 10 years

17 (24.29)

9 (27.27)

0.35

0.05–2.51

0.298

-

Working days per week

 Not more than 4 days

10 (14.29)

3 (9.09)

1

-

-

1

-

-

 5 days

10 (14.29)

4 (12.12)

1.33

0.24–7.56

0.745

4.04

0.47–34.69

0.203

 6 days

22 (31.43)

11 (33.33)

1.67

0.38–7.32

0.499

4.34

0.74–25.60

0.104

 7 days

28 (40)

15 (45.45)

1.79

0.43–7.50

0.428

4.57

0.80-26.03

0.087

Dry cough

 No

58 (82.86)

30 (90.9)

1

-

-

-

 Yes

12 (38.71)

3 (21.43

0.43

0.1–1.87

0.262

-

Productive cough

 No

59 (84.29)

27 (81.8)

1

-

-

-

 Yes

11 (34.38)

6 (40)

1.27

0.36–4.51

0.709

-

Wheezing

 No

62 (88.57)

32 (96.97)

1

-

-

-

 Yes

8 (26.67)

1 (5.88)

0.17

0.02–1.51

0.113

-

Morning wheezing

 No

55 (78.57)

29 (87.9)

1

-

-

-

 Yes

15 (21.43)

4 (12.12)

0.51

0.15–1.66

0.262

-

Breathlessness on level ground

 No

62 (88.57)

26 (78.79)

1

-

-

1

-

-

 Yes

8 (11.43)

7 (21.21)

2.09

0.69–6.35

0.195

3.08

0.88–10.83

0.079

Breathlessness on walking up the stairs

 No

21 (30)

7 (21.2)

1

-

-

1

-

-

 Yes

49 (70)

26 (78.79)

1.59

0.59–4.24

0.352

1.20

0.41–3.51

0.733

Shortness of breath

 No

52 (74.29)

21 (63.64)

1

-

-

-

 Yes

18 (25.71)

12 (36.36)

1.6

0.32–7.90

0.564

-