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Table 1 Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic characteristics of study population

From: The potential of cystatin C as a predictive biomarker in pulmonary hypertension

Variables

Total (N = 398)

CW (n = 72)

No-CW (n = 326)

P-value

Age, years

48.04 ± 16.52

51.92 ± 15.90

47.18 ± 16.55

0.027

Female, n (%)

254 (63.8)

38 (52.8)

216 (66.3)

0.031

BMI, kg·m−2

23.61 ± 4.97

23.08 ± 4.35

23.73 ± 5.10

0.321

WHO-FC, n (%)

   

0.001

 I or II

215 (54.0)

26 (36.1)

189 (58.0)

 

 III or IV

183 (46.0)

46 (63.9)

137 (42.0)

 

 6MWD, m

409.44 ± 85.38

404.71 ± 76.43

410.16 ± 86.83

0.754

 Hypertension, n (%)

90 (22.6)

17 (23.6)

73 (22.4)

0.823

 Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)

39 (9.8)

10 (13.9)

29 (8.9)

0.197

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

47 (11.8)

8 (11.1)

39 (12.0)

0.839

Etiologies, n (%)

 IPAH

109 (27.4)

18 (25.0)

91 (28.0)

0.620

 CHD-PAH

124 (31.2)

22 (30.6)

102 (31.3)

0.891

 CTD-PAH

20 (5.0)

3 (4.2)

17 (5.2)

0.944

 CTEPH

73 (18.3)

17 (23.6)

56 (17.2)

0.202

 Others a

72 (18.1)

12 (16.7)

60 (18.4)

0.729

Echocardiography

 LVDd, mm

41.36 ± 7.57

41.31 ± 6.80

41.38 ± 7.74

0.942

 RVDd, mm

33.95 ± 7.54

36.90 ± 8.09

33.30 ± 7.26

 < 0.001

 LVEF, %

64.86 ± 7.10

63.60 ± 7.96

65.14 ± 6.87

0.096

 PASP, mmHg

79.19 ± 26.96

83.01 ± 24.89

78.34 ± 27.36

0.190

 TAPSE, mm

16.74 ± 3.92

16.05 ± 3.90

16.89 ± 3.93

0.139

 TAPSE/PASP, mm/mmHg

0.23 ± 0.12

0.21 ± 0.09

0.24 ± 0.13

0.036

 Pericardial effusion, n (%)

81 (20.4)

24 (33.3)

57 (17.5)

0.003

Right heart catheterization

 SvO2, %

66.03 ± 7.61

63.00 ± 9.48

66.70 ± 6.97

 < 0.001

 RAP, mmHg

6.52 ± 3.75

7.72 ± 4.54

6.25 ± 3.51

0.003

 mPAP, mmHg

48.60 ± 3.76

50.19 ± 17.92

48.24 ± 18.66

0.419

 PAWP, mmHg

8.89 ± 3.37

9.32 ± 3.44

8.79 ± 3.35

0.229

 CI, L·min·m−2

2.70 ± 0.97

2.43 ± 0.82

2.77 ± 0.99

0.008

 PVR, Wood units

10.76 ± 6.84

11.89 ± 7.78

10.50 ± 6.61

0.120

Laboratory test

 NT-proBNP, pg/mL

619.50 (196.75–1629.75)

1212.50(564.75–2393.50)

507.00(177.25–1447.50)

 < 0.001

 BUN, mmol/L

6.82 ± 2.36

7.01 ± 2.46

6.78 ± 2.34

0.470

 Scr, μmoI/L

81.24 ± 18.01

85.96 ± 18.25

79.71 ± 17.80

0.006

 Cystatin C, mg/L

0.97 ± 0.29

1.08 ± 0.33

0.95 ± 0.28

0.001

Treatment

 PAH-targeted therapy b, n (%)

315 (79.1)

58 (80.6)

257 (78.8)

0.745

 Combination therapy, n (%)

181 (45.5)

21 (29.2)

160 (49.1)

0.002

  1. BMI Body mass index, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, CHD Congenital heart disease, CI Cardiac index, CTD Connective tissue disease, CTEPH Chronic thromboembolism pulmonary hypertension, CW Clinical worsening, IPAH Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, LVDd Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, mPAP Mean pulmonary arterial pressure, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, PAH Pulmonary arterial hypertension, PASP Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, PAWP Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, PVR Pulmonary vascular resistance, RAP Right atrium pressure, RVDd Right ventricular end-diastolic diameter, Scr Serum creatinine, SvO2 Mixed venous oxygen saturation, TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, WHO-FC World Health Organization functional class, 6MWD 6-min walking distance
  2. aOthers pre-capillary PH subtype include heritable PAH (n = 15), drug and toxin-induced PAH (n = 3), portal hypertension-associated PAH (n = 4), PVOD/PCH (n = 6), and other pulmonary artery obstructions (arteritis and congenital pulmonary arteries stenoses) (n = 28), PH with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms (n = 16)
  3. bPAH-targeted therapy included endothelin receptor antagonists, nitric oxide-cGMP enhancers and prostacyclin pathway agonists
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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