Fig. 1

Patient selection. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTEPH, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; Dx, diagnosis; IIP, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia; ILD, interstitial lung disease; LHD-PH, PH associated with left heart disease; PF, pulmonary fibrosis. ^* COPD was identified by ≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient diagnoses of PH (ICD-10-CM codes of J40.x, J41.x, J42, J43.x, J44.x) that were ≥30 days apart. ^§ PH-COPD was identified by ≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient diagnoses of PH (ICD-10-CM codes of I27.0, I27.2, I27.20-23) that were ≥30 days apart. ^† PH diagnoses were indicated by ICD-9-CM codes of 416.0 and 416.8 as well as ICD-10-CM codes of I27.0, I27.2x. ^‡ Evidence of PH included any PH Dx in b and medications approved for PAH (phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, guanylate cyclase stimulators, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostacyclin). 1,688 patients were excluded due to the lack of COPD diagnosis prior to the first PH diagnosis