Fig. 5

Healthcare costs during follow-up. ED, emergency department. COPD-related medical costs (hospitalization, ED visit, outpatient/office visit, other medical service) were identified by a primary diagnosis of COPD on claims. COPD/PH-related medical costs (hospitalization, ED visit, outpatient/office visit, other medical service) were identified by a primary diagnosis of COPD or PH on claims. All costs were estimated as contracted reimbursable amount of the covered care