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Table 1 Patient demographic and baseline clinical characteristics before and after propensity score matching

From: Healthcare resource utilization in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PH-COPD): a real-world data analysis

Patient characteristics

Pre-matching (N = 85,901)

Post-matching (N = 4,448)

PH-COPD

(N = 2,224)

Non-PH COPD

(N = 83,677)

SMD

PH-COPD

(N = 2,224)

Non-PH COPD

(N = 2,224)

SMD

Index year

      

 2015

160 (7.2%)

3,996 (4.8%)

0.1202

160 (7.2%)

146 (6.6%)

0.0573

 2016

739 (33.2%)

31,031 (37.1%)

 

739 (33.2%)

767 (34.5%)

 

 2017

584 (26.3%)

21,377 (25.5%)

 

584 (26.3%)

552 (24.8%)

 

 2018

431 (19.4%)

15,998 (19.1%)

 

431 (19.4%)

464 (20.9%)

 

 2019

310 (13.9%)

11,275 (13.5%)

 

310 (13.9%)

295 (13.3%)

 

Age at index

 Mean (SD)

62.6 (10.4)

58.7 (8.4)

0.4035

62.6 (10.4)

62.4 (9.6)

0.0149

 Median (IQR)

61.0 (56.0–66.0)

59.0 (54.0–63.0)

 

61.0 (56.0–66.0)

61.0 (57.0–65.0)

 

 Categories

  40–54 years

433 (19.5%)

23,970 (28.6%)

0.3397

433 (19.5%)

369 (16.6%)

0.0799

  55–64 years

1,183 (53.2%)

47,349 (56.6%)

 

1,183 (53.2%)

1,252 (56.3%)

 

  65 + years

608 (27.3%)

12,358 (14.8%)

 

608 (27.3%)

603 (27.1%)

 

Female (%)

1,363 (61.3%)

47,948 (57.3%)

0.0812

1,363 (61.3%)

1,335 (60.0%)

0.0258

Census region

 Northeast

408 (18.3%)

15,238 (18.2%)

0.1553

408 (18.3%)

408 (18.3%)

0.0623

 Midwest

767 (34.5%)

25,905 (31.0%)

 

767 (34.5%)

708 (31.8%)

 

 South

756 (34.0%)

34,071 (40.7%)

 

756 (34.0%)

786 (35.3%)

 

 West

293 (13.2%)

8,463 (10.1%)

 

293 (13.2%)

322 (14.5%)

 

Payer type

 Private insurance

904 (40.6%)

40,833 (48.8%)

0.3553

904 (40.6%)

907 (40.8%)

0.0437

 Medicare

648 (29.1%)

12,407 (14.8%)

 

648 (29.1%)

610 (27.4%)

 

 Medicaid

117 (5.3%)

6,445 (7.7%)

 

117 (5.3%)

119 (5.4%)

 

 Othera

555 (25.0%)

23,992 (28.7%)

 

555 (25.0%)

588 (26.4%)

 

Plan type

 HMO

689 (31.0%)

20,167 (24.1%)

0.1606

689 (31.0%)

657 (29.5%)

0.0344

 PPO

1,426 (64.1%)

58,278 (69.6%)

 

1,426 (64.1%)

1,461 (65.7%)

 

 POS

69 (3.1%)

3,045 (3.6%)

 

69 (3.1%)

65 (2.9%)

 

 Other/unknown

40 (1.8%)

2,187 (2.6%)

 

40 (1.8%)

41 (1.8%)

 

Length of all-available baseline period

 Mean (SD)

30.6 (13.1)

31.8 (13.0)

0.0919

30.6 (13.1)

30.6 (12.8)

0.0038

 Median (IQR)

28.2 (19.3–39.6)

28.9 (21.0-41.1)

 

28.2 (19.3–39.6)

28.2 (19.7–40.2)

 

Non-respiratory CCIb

 Mean (SD)

1.7 (1.8)

1.1 (1.5)

0.3616

1.7 (1.8)

1.7 (1.9)

0.0146

 Median (IQR)

1.0 (0.0–3.0)

1.0 (0.0–2.0)

 

1.0 (0.0–3.0)

1.0 (0.0–3.0)

 

Categories

 0

745 (33.5%)

40,300 (48.2%)

0.3017

745 (33.5%)

732 (32.9%)

0.0124

 1

538 (24.2%)

20,327 (24.3%)

0.0024

538 (24.2%)

538 (24.2%)

0.0000

 2

351 (15.8%)

11,254 (13.4%)

0.0661

351 (15.8%)

355 (16.0%)

0.0049

 ≥ 3

590 (26.5%)

11,796 (14.1%)

0.3128

590 (26.5%)

599 (26.9%)

0.0091

Comorbidities/symptoms of interest

Respiratory

      

 Asthma

729 (32.8%)

28,281 (33.8%)

0.0216

729 (32.8%)

767 (34.5%)

0.0362

 Allergic rhinitis or atopy

406 (18.3%)

20,445 (24.4%)

0.1512

406 (18.3%)

482 (21.7%)

0.0856

 Dyspnea

1,495 (67.2%)

40,709 (48.7%)

0.3830

1,495 (67.2%)

1,492 (67.1%)

0.0029

 Pneumonia/acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis

1,193 (53.6%)

45,701 (54.6%)

0.0196

1,193 (53.6%)

1,211 (54.5%)

0.0162

 Sinusitis

616 (27.7%)

30,756 (36.8%)

0.1947

616 (27.7%)

583 (26.2%)

0.0334

 Sleep apnea

582 (26.2%)

14,149 (16.9%)

0.2267

582 (26.2%)

610 (27.4%)

0.0284

Non -respiratory

 Anxiety/depression

906 (40.7%)

35,886 (42.9%)

0.0436

906 (40.7%)

1,019 (45.8%)

0.1027

 Atrial fibrillation

316 (14.2%)

3,690 (4.4%)

0.3421

316 (14.2%)

328 (14.7%)

0.0153

 Cardiovascular disease

975 (43.8%)

22,960 (27.4%)

0.3476

975 (43.8%)

959 (43.1%)

0.0145

 Connective tissue disease

42 (1.9%)

1,209 (1.4%)

0.0347

42 (1.9%)

42 (1.9%)

0.0000

 Diabetes

705 (31.7%)

20,377 (24.4%)

0.1642

705 (31.7%)

729 (32.8%)

0.0231

 Dyslipidemia

1,434 (64.5%)

53,286 (63.7%)

0.0166

1,434 (64.5%)

1,581 (71.1%)

0.1418

 Hypertension

1,706 (76.7%)

54,922 (65.6%)

0.2463

1,706 (76.7%)

1,706 (76.7%)

0.0000

 Heart failure

236 (10.6%)

3,352 (4.0%)

0.2559

236 (10.6%)

233 (10.5%)

0.0044

 Kidney disease

389 (17.5%)

7,136 (8.5%)

0.2688

389 (17.5%)

393 (17.7%)

0.0047

 Liver disease

305 (13.7%)

10,021 (12.0%)

0.0520

305 (13.7%)

316 (14.2%)

0.0143

 Osteoporosis

254 (11.4%)

6,539 (7.8%)

0.1226

254 (11.4%)

257 (11.6%)

0.0042

 Systemic autoimmune diseasec

186 (8.4%)

5,516 (6.6%)

0.0674

186 (8.4%)

171 (7.7%)

0.0248

Non-missing BMId

779 (35.0%)

25,692 (30.7%)

0.0921

779 (35.0%)

861 (38.7%)

0.0765

 Underweight/normal weight

132 (5.9%)

5,108 (6.1%)

0.0758

132 (16.9%)

127 (14.8%)

0.0601

 Overweight

105 (4.7%)

6,066 (7.2%)

0.2629

105 (13.5%)

149 (17.3%)

0.1062

 Obese

542 (24.4%)

14,518 (17.4%)

0.2733

542 (69.6%)

585 (67.9%)

0.0352

With smoking cessation therapiese

208 (9.4%)

9,917 (11.9%)

0.0812

208 (9.4%)

218 (9.8%)

0.0153

Total all-cause healthcare costs PPPM (2020 USD)e

 Mean (SD)

$1073.9 ($2158.0)

$649.2 ($1284.1)

0.2392

$1073.9 ($2158.0)

$891.7 ($1559.1)

0.0968

 Median (IQR)

$456.5 ($174.6-$1142.0)

$265.6 ($103.8-$674.4)

 

$456.5 ($174.6-$1142.0)

$400.6 ($158.0-$958.5)

 

Number of COPD exacerbations PPPY

 Any moderate or severe exacerbationf

758 (34.1%)

26,930 (32.2%)

0.0404

758 (34.1%)

755 (33.9%)

0.0029

 Mean (SD)

1.4 (1.8)

0.9 (1.1)

0.3143

1.4 (1.8)

1.1 (1.7)

0.1170

 Median (IQR)

0.7 (0.4–1.5)

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

 

0.7 (0.4–1.5)

0.6 (0.4–1.3)

 

 Any moderate exacerbationf

707 (31.8%)

25,851 (30.9%)

0.0193

707 (31.8%)

688 (30.9%)

0.0184

 Mean (SD)

1.3 (1.6)

0.9 (1.0)

0.2984

1.3 (1.6)

1.1 (1.6)

0.0961

 Median (IQR)

0.7 (0.4–1.5)

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

 

0.7 (0.4–1.5)

0.6 (0.4–1.2)

 

 Any severe exacerbationf

199 (8.9%)

3,063 (3.7%)

0.2189

199 (8.9%)

177 (8.0%)

0.0356

 Mean (SD)

0.6 (0.5)

0.5 (0.5)

0.2222

0.6 (0.5)

0.6 (0.4)

0.1551

 Median (IQR)

0.4 (0.3–0.7)

0.4 (0.3–0.6)

 

0.4 (0.3–0.7)

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

 
  1. BMI Body mass index, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, HMO Health maintenance organization, IQR Interquartile range, PPO Preferred provider organization, POS Point-of-service, PPPM/Y Per patient per month/year, SD Standard deviation, SMD Standardized mean difference
  2. aOther payers included self-pay insurance and unknown payer type;
  3. bCCI was calculated using Quan’s adaptation, excluding chronic pulmonary disease;
  4. cAutoimmune diseases included graft-versus-host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjogren’s disease, and valvular heart disease;
  5. dBMI was identified by ICD-9 or ICD-10 diagnosis codes and were expected to be underreported;
  6. eSmoking cessation therapy and baseline total healthcare costs were examined in the 12-month baseline period;
  7. fA moderate exacerbation was defined as an ED visit with a primary diagnosis of COPD, or an outpatient visit with a diagnosis of COPD accompanied with an oral corticosteroid or antibiotic within ± 7 days of the visit; a severe exacerbation was defined as a hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of COPD.
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