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Table 2 Patient characteristics associated with total all-cause healthcare costs in the PH-COPD cohort

From: Healthcare resource utilization in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PH-COPD): a real-world data analysis

Patient baseline characteristics

Incremental $

Betaa

95% CI

P valuea

Intercept

$41,274

10.628

(10.411, 10.845)

< 0.0001

Index year

 2015 (Reference)

 2016

$0

0.000

(-0.152, 0.152)

0.9999

 2017

-$3,219

-0.081

(-0.238, 0.075)

0.3096

 2018

-$5,238

-0.136

(-0.297, 0.025)

0.0981

 2019

$7,317

0.163

(-0.008, 0.334)

0.0610

Age group, years

 40–54 (Reference)

 55–64

$1,342

0.032

(-0.068, 0.132)

0.5307

 65+

-$5,944

-0.156

(-0.328, 0.017)

0.0766

Sex

 Female (Reference)

 Male

$4,638

0.107

(0.027, 0.186)

0.0088

Census region

 Northeast (Reference)

 Midwest

$3,304

0.077

(-0.031, 0.185)

0.1631

 South

$415

0.010

(-0.101, 0.121)

0.8597

 West

$8,274

0.183

(0.048, 0.317)

0.0078

Payer type

 Private insurance (Reference)

 Medicare

-$17,125

-0.536

(-0.708, -0.364)

< 0.0001

 Medicaid

-$19,133

-0.623

(-0.822, -0.424)

< 0.0001

 Otherb

$1,965

0.047

(-0.048, 0.141)

0.3364

Plan type

 HMO (Reference)

 PPO

-$3,040

-0.077

(-0.182, 0.029)

0.1565

 Otherc

-$3,116

-0.079

(-0.274, 0.117)

0.4320

Non-respiratory CCI score

$5,272

0.120

(0.096, 0.144)

< 0.0001

Comorbidities (yes vs. no)

 Asthma

$1,138

0.027

(-0.058, 0.112)

0.5303

 Pneumonia or acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis

$5,669

0.129

(0.047, 0.211)

0.0021

 Sinusitis

-$4,729

-0.122

(-0.208, -0.035)

0.0058

 Sleep apnea

-$4,568

-0.117

(-0.207, -0.028)

0.0101

 Anxiety/depression

$5,477

0.125

(0.045, 0.204)

0.0020

 Cardiovascular disease

-$288

-0.007

(-0.093, 0.079)

0.8726

 Dyslipidemia

-$4,040

-0.103

(-0.191, -0.015)

0.0220

 Hypertension

$4,318

0.100

(0.002, 0.197)

0.0459

 Systemic autoimmune disease

$9,706

0.211

(0.074, 0.349)

0.0026

Number of prior moderate or severe exacerbations

 0 (reference)

 1

$3,397

0.079

(-0.027, 0.186)

0.1453

 2+

$5,216

0.119

(0.016, 0.222)

0.0234

  1. CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, HMO Health maintenance organization, PPO Preferred provider organization, PPPY Per patient per year, SE Standard error, 95%CI 95% Confidence interval
  2. aParameters were estimated from generalized linear model of total all-cause healthcare costs PPPY during follow-up, with log-link and gamma distribution;
  3. bOther payers included self-pay insurance and unknown payer type;
  4. cOther plans included point-of-service, consumer-directed and indemnity plan
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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