Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects

Demographics

Age, years

63.63 ± 8.78

64.85 ± 8.48

68.47 ± 6.68

71.27 ± 8.52^*

0.012

Sex, m/f (%)

47/19

47/12

36/18

10/9

0.126

Pulmonary function

FEV₁, %predicted

1.78 ± 0.59

1.72 ± 0.65

1.31 ± 0.55^{*, #}

1.29 ± 0.63^{*, #}

0.002

FEV₁/FVC, %

57.90 ± 8.55

56.61 ± 9.29

52.34 ± 11.84

54.21 ± 8.99

0.106

Physical function

6MWD, m

410.2 ± 50.31

397.6 ± 68.70

322.4 ± 34.37^{*, #}

267.7 ± 82.97^{*, #, &}

< 0.001

5STS, s

6.43 ± 1.94

6.48 ± 1.29^*

8.94 ± 2.21^{*, #}

11.84 ± 2.20^{*, #, &}

< 0.001

Body composition

BMI, kg/m²

22.01 ± 2.21

27.92 ± 2.66

21.09 ± 3.15

27.17 ± 2.54

< 0.001

Body fat (%)

26.08 ± 6.28

31.77 ± 4.49^{*, &}

27.19 ± 5.92^#

34.95 ± 4.72^{*, &}

< 0.001

FFMI (kg/m²)

16.88 ± 1.28

18.76 ± 1.63^*

14.89 ± 2.23^{*, &}

14.29 ± 2.50^{*, &}

< 0.001

SMMI (kg/m²)

28.37 ± 3.52

26.75 ± 2.80

26.21 ± 2.81^*,

23.90 ± 2.54^{*, &}

< 0.001