Table 1 Characteristics of individual studies
Author | Country | Year | Study design | Adult (≥ 18) | All need MV | All need ICU | Diagnosis method of COVID-19 | Diagnosis method of PAL | Types of PAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geraci et al. [12] | USA | 2021 | retrospective | yes | no | no | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax |
Malik et al. [15] | USA | 2022 | retrospective | yes | no | no | RT-PCR | NA | pneumothorax |
Pierre et al. [16] | USA | 2022 | retrospective | NA | no | no | NA | XR/CT | pneumothorax |
Akram et al. [17] | Qatar | 2022 | retrospective | ≥ 14 | no | yes | RT-PCR | XR/CT/lung ultrasound | pneumothorax |
Miro et al. [18] | Spain | 2020 | retrospective | NA | NA | no | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax |
Berg et al. [19] | USA | 2021 | retrospective | yes | no | yes | NA | XR/CT | Pneumothorax |
Chopra et al. [20] | USA | 2021 | retrospective | yes | yes | yes | RT-PCR | NA | pneumothorax |
Ozdemir et al. [21] | Turkey | 2020 | retrospective | yes | yes | yes | RT-PCR | XR/CT/lung ultrasound | pneumothorax |
Capaccione et al. [22] | USA | 2021 | retrospective | NA | yes | NA | NA | XR | pneumothorax |
Taha et al. [23] | USA | 2022 | retrospective | yes | yes | yes | RT-PCR | NA | pneumothorax |
Reis et al. [24] | USA | 2021 | retrospective | NA | no | no | RT-PCR | XR | pneumomediastinum |
Arciniega et al. [25] | Mexico | 2021 | retrospective | yes | no | no | RT-PCR | CT | pneumomediastinum |
Ozdemir et al. [26] | Turkey | 2021 | retrospective | yes | yes | yes | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumomediastinum |
Ozsoy et al. [27] | Turkey | 2021 | retrospective | NA | NA | NA | NA | CT | pneumomediastinum |
Baslas et al. [28] | UK | 2022 | retrospective | yes | no | NA | RT-PCR/CT | CT | pneumomediastinum |
Loffi et al. [29] | Italy | 2020 | retrospective | NA | no | no | RT-PCR | CT | pneumomediastinum |
Righetti et al. [30] | Italy | 2022 | NA | NA | yes | yes | NA | NA | pneumomediastinum |
Muhammad et al. [31] | UK | 2022 | retrospective | yes | no | no | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Tetaj et al. [32] | Italy | 2021 | retrospective | NA | yes | NA | RT-PCR | CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Udwadia et al. [33] | India | 2021 | retrospective | NA | NA | yes | NA | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Gazivoda et al. [34] | USA | 2021 | retrospective | NA | yes | yes | RT-PCR | XR | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Belletti et al. [35] | Italy | 2021 | retrospective | yes | yes | yes | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Ernst et al. [36] | USA | 2021 | retrospective | NA | no | no | RT-PCR | NA | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Bonato et al. [37] | Italy | 2021 | retrospective | NA | no | NA | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Tonelli et al. [38] | Italy | 2022 | retrospective | NA | yes | yes | RT-PCR | CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Marza et al. [39] | Romania | 2022 | retrospective | yes | no | no | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Shaikh et al. [40] | Qatar | 2021 | retrospective | yes | NA | yes | NA | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum |
Lemmers et al. [41] | Italy | 2020 | retrospective | yes | yes | yes | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |
Steinberger et al. [42] | USA | 2022 | retrospective | yes | yes | NA | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |
Nespoli et al. [43] | Italy | 2020 | retrospective | NA | NA | yes | NA | XR/CT/lung ultrasound | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |
Hamouri et al. [44] | Jordan | 2021 | retrospective | yes | yes | no | RT-PCR | XR | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |
Guven et al. [45] | Turkey | 2021 | retrospective | yes | yes | no | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |
Jones et al. [46] | UK | 2020 | retrospective | NA | yes | yes | RT-PCR | XR | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |
Venkateswaran et al. [47] | India | 2022 | retrospective | yes | yes | yes | NA | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |
Sami et al. [48] | Iran | 2022 | retrospective | NA | yes | yes | RT-PCR | XR/CT | pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema |