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Fig. 2 | BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Fig. 2

From: Causal associations between hand grip strength and pulmonary function: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Fig. 2

Three key assumptions of the MR study. (i) SNPs are robustly associated with HGS (hand grip strength); (ii) SNPs are independent of other known confounders; (iii) SNPs affect the risk of PF (pulmonary function) only through HGS. The red X means that the SNPs selected as the instrumental variables are not associated with the confounders and the outcomes directly.

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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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