Table 3 Bivariate logistic regression analysis to predict benign nodules in training set

Smoking history

 No

1(reference)

 Yes

1.17(0.64–2.14)

.617

Family history of cancer

 No

1(reference)

 Yes

0.73(0.35–1.54)

.410

Lesion type

 Solid nodules

1(reference)

 Part-solid nodules

0.98(0.04–0.22)

 < .001

 Non-solid nodules

0.88(0.04–0.18)

 < .001

 Lesion size at imaging, in mm

0.91(0.83–1.00)

.041

Imaging finding

 Spiculation

  No

1(reference)

  Yes

0.54(0.33–0.89)

.015

Pleural retraction

 No

1(reference)

 Yes

1.11(0.67–1.84)

.683

Vascular convergence

 No

1(reference)

 Yes

0.35(0.21–0.60)

 < .001

Vacuolar sign

 No

1(reference)

 Yes

0.50(0.29–0.83)

.008

Location

 Left upper lobe

1(reference)

 Left lower lobe

1.84(0.85–4.02)

.124

 Right upper lobe

0.85(0.42–1.74)

.653

 Right middle lobe

1.07(0.39–2.89)

.902

 Right lower lobe

1.45(0.68–3.07)

.336

 Subpleural

2.26(0.13–38.12)

.571

Biomarker^a

 CEA(n = 300)

  Negative

1(reference)

 Positive

0.49(0.22–1.09)

.080

NSE(n = 271)

 Negative

1(reference)

 Positive

1.30(0.46–3.72)

.618

CYFRA21-1(n = 297)

 Negative

1(reference)

 Positive

2.01(1.07–3.76)

.029

SCC(n = 300)

 Negative

1(reference)

 Positive

0.78(0.20–3.04)

.719

 Variable

Odds Ratio

P Value