Table 4 Study cohort characteristics are stratified by COPD exacerbation status with a 2-year follow-up

Age^b

53

70(63,75)

15

66(59,71)

7

71(65,72)

49

67(63,73)

0.17

Female gender^c

43

81.1%

14

93.3%

4

57.1%

43

87.8%

0.14

BMI^b

53

21.2(18.4,22.6)

15

21.5(19.1,23.7)

7

18.6(17.9,24.2)

49

20.8(17.7,22.8)

0.62

Smoking Index ^b

53

800(25,1550)

15

420(260,800)

7

0(0,1600)

49

600(375,950)

0.38

Duration of COPD^b

53

10(6,25)

15

15(10,15)

7

7(4,15)

49

10(6,25)

0.66

Comorbidities^c

30

56.6%

8

53.3%

4

57.1%

23

46.9%

0.79

Diabetes mellitus^c

9

17.0%

1

6.7%

0

0%

4

8.2%

0.33

Coronary disease^c

4

7.5%

2

13.3%

0

0%

2

4.1%

0.53

Stroke^c

1

1.9%

0

0%

1

14.3%

1

2.0%

0.20

Hypertension ^c

28

52.8%

7

46.7%

3

42.9%

20

40.8%

0.68

Home oxygen therapy^c

14

26.4%

6

40.0%

1

14.3%

25

51.0%^b

0.04

Regular medication^c

26

49.1%

7

46.7%

4

57.1%

32

65.3%

0.35

Oral glucocorticoid therapy^c

3

5.7%

1

6.7%

0

0%

1

2.0%

0.70

Theophylline therapy^c

0

0%

0

0%

0

0%

2

4.1%

0.38

Expectorants therapy^c

13

24.5%

6

40.0%

1

14.3%

14

28.6%

0.56

Inhaled COPD therapy^c

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.05

No inhaled treatment^c

9

17.0%

5

33.3%

3

42.9%

3

6.1%

LAMA^c

3

5.7%

2

13.3%

0

0%

4

8.2%

ICS + LABA^c

12

22.6%

1

6.7%

2

28.6%

5

10.2%

LABA + LAMA^c

8

15.1%

0

0%

1

14.3%

7

14.3%

ICS + LABA + LAMA^c

21

39.6%

7

46.7%

1

14.3%

30

61.2%

SGRQ score^b

53

33.3(24.7,60.0)

15

43.8(26.1,63.3)

7

41.5(26.1,51.0)

49

46.2(36.9,73.1)^d

0.04

mMRC score^b

53

1(1,3)

15

1(1,3)

7

1(0,2)

49

2(1,3)^e

0.04

Exercise capacity score^b

53

1(1,2)

15

1(1,2)

7

1(1,2)

49

2(1,2)^e

0.05

CAT score^a

53

21.0 ± 7.7

15

20.1 ± 8.6

7

18.1 ± 7.9

49

24.3 ± 7.4^e

0.049

COPD-related exacerbation within the previous year^b

53

0(0,1)

15

0(0,1)

7

0(0,2)

49

1(0,2)^d

0.002