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Table 1 Participant characteristics at baseline

From: Effect of twice daily inhaled albuterol on cardiopulmonary exercise outcomes, dynamic hyperinflation, and symptoms in secondhand tobacco-exposed persons with preserved spirometry and air trapping: a randomized controlled trial

Participant characteristics

Albuterol w/ V2

Placebo w/ V3

(N = 29)

Placebo w/ V2

Albuterol w/ V3

(N = 20)

Overall (N = 49)

Demographics and anthropometrics

 Age (years)

66.2 ± 8.9

66.3 ± 6.5

66.2 ± 8.0

 Female sex [n (%)]

25 (86.2%)

18 (90.0%)

43 (87.8%)

 Height (cm)

165.5 ± 7.8

167.9 ± 8.6

166.5 ± 8.1

 Weight (kg)

65.3 ± 13.5

69.1 ± 12.0

66.9 ± 12.9

 BMI (kg/m2)

23.7 ± 3.5

24.5 ± 3.9

24.0 ± 3.7

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.6 ± 0.4

13.5 ± 0.4

13.5 ± 0.4

SHS Exposure

 Ever Cabin SHS exposure [n (%)]

27 (93.1%)

14 (70.0%)

41 (83.7%)

  Cabin SHS exposure among exposed (years)

16.1 ± 9.6

20.4 ± 7.5

17.6 ± 9.0

 Any form of non-cabin SHS exposure [n (%)]

29 (100%)

20 (100%)

49 (100%)

  Childhood home SHS exposure [n (%)]

18 (62.1%)

11 (55.0%)

29 (59.2%)

  Adult home SHS exposure [n (%)]

12 (41.4%)

9 (45.0%)

21 (42.9%)

  Non-airline occupational SHS exposure [n (%)]

24 (82.8%)

18 (90.0%)

42 (85.7%)

  Other SHS Exposure [n (%)]

26 (89.7%)

17 (85.0%)

43 (87.8%)

Symptoms

 mMRC Dyspnea Scale ≥ 1 [n (%)]

5 (31.3%)

5 (38.5%)

10 (34.5%)

 SF12

  Physical component score

37.9 ± 4.3

39.3 ± 5.7

38.5 ± 4.9

  Mental component score

48.9 ± 3.8

48.9 ± 5.7

48.9 ± 4.6

 IPAQ score

  High [n (%)]

25 (86.2%)

18 (90.0%)

43 (87.8%)

  Moderate [n (%)]

4 (13.8%)

1 (5.0%)

5 (10.2%)

  Low [n (%)]

0 (0%)

1 (5.0%)

1 (2.0%)

 CAT

6.0 ± 5.6

7.4 ± 5.9

6.6 ± 5.7

Pulmonary Function Tests

 FEV1 (% predicted)

102 ± 18

105 ± 9

103 ± 16

 FVC (% predicted)

106 ± 19

110 ± 8

107 ± 16

 FEV1/FVC

0.75 ± 0.05

0.75 ± 0.04

0.75 ± 0.05

 FEF25-75 (% predicted)

99 ± 33

96 ± 26

98 ± 30

 FEF75 (% predicted)

127 ± 55

127 ± 59

127 ± 56

 DLCO adjusted for Hgb (% predicted)

82 ± 12

85 ± 13

84 ± 12

 TLC (% predicted)

99 ± 12

103 ± 11

101 ± 11

 RV (% predicted)

96 ± 15

100 ± 18

98 ± 16

 RV/TLC

0.39 ± 0.07

0.38 ± 0.05

0.39 ± 0.07

 RV/TLC (% predicted)

95 ± 15

92 ± 10

94 ± 13

 FRC (% predicted)

94 ± 15

99 ± 20

96 ± 17

 FRC/TLC

0.51 ± 0.08

0.51 ± 0.07

0.51 ± 0.07

 FRC/TLC (% predicted)

92 ± 13

92 ± 13

92 ± 13

Cardiopulmonary Testing Measurements

 VO2Peak (% predicted)

96 ± 22

104 ± 18

99 ± 21

 VO2Peak/kg (% predicted)

82 ± 17

92 ± 24

86 ± 20

 RERPeak (% predicted)

103 ± 7

103 ± 8

103 ± 8

 WattsPeak (% predicted)

116 ± 28

114 ± 29

115 ± 28

 Total duration (minute)

9.6 ± 1.9

10.2 ± 2.2

9.8 ± 2.0

Symptoms at peak exercise (Borg Scale 0 to 10)

 Shortness of Breath

5.43 ± 1.73

5.85 ± 2.03

5.60 ± 1.85

 Effort

6.00 ± 1.91

6.70 ± 2.25

6.29 ± 2.06

 Fatigue

5.50 ± 1.64

6.30 ± 2.13

5.83 ± 1.88

Pulmonary Response

 VEPeak (% predicted)

56 ± 12

55 ± 13

56 ± 12

 RRPeak (% predicted)

63 ± 12

59 ± 15

61 ± 13

 VTPeak (% predicted)

94 ± 20

99 ± 18

96 ± 19

 VE/VCO2Peak

36.2 ± 11.9

31.9 ± 4.4

34.4 ± 9.8

 VE/VCO2Peak (% predicted)

90 ± 30

80 ± 11

86 ± 24

 VO2 at Anaerobic Threshold (VO2AT) (% predicted)

76 ± 23

89 ± 21

81 ± 23

Cardiovascular Response

 HRPeak (% predicted)

93 ± 15

90 ± 12

92 ± 14

 HRPeak ≥ 90% predicted [n (%)]

18 (62.1%)

10 (50.0%)

28 (57.1%)

 HRPeak ≥ 80% predicted [n (%)]

25 (86.2%)

16 (80.0%)

41 (83.7%)

 SBPRest (mmHg)

130 ± 17

125 ± 16

128 ± 17

 SBPPeak (mmHg)

191 ± 29

185 ± 29

189 ± 29

 DBPRest (mmHg)

72 ± 10

74 ± 9

73 ± 9

 DBPPeak (mmHg)

85 ± 11

83 ± 11

84 ± 11

 O2-PulsePeak (% predicted)

100 ± 29

114 ± 31

106 ± 30

 SpO2 nadir (at peak exercise)

97.4 ± 1.5

97.2 ± 1.5

97.3 ± 1.5

Dynamic Hyperinflation

 VFLRest (L)

0.23 ± 0.24

0.16 ± 0.27

0.20 ± 0.25

 VFL80% effort (L)

0.60 ± 0.33

0.49 ± 0.40

0.55 ± 0.36

 VFLSlope (mL/watt)

3.93 ± 3.43

3.62 ± 3.38

3.80 ± 3.38

 EFLRest (%)

21.9 ± 23.6

15.8 ± 26.4

19.5 ± 24.7

 EFL80% effort (%)

32.8 ± 16.4

24.9 ± 20.7

29.7 ± 18.4

 EFLSlope (%/watt)

0.10 ± 0.25

0.08 ± 0.21

0.09 ± 0.23

 EFL at rest [n (%)]

16 (57.1%)

7 (35.0%)

23 (46.9%)

 EFL at rest or during exercise [n (%)]

27 (93.1%)

16 (80.0%)

43 (87.8%)

 EELVRest

2.68 ± 0.47

3.04 ± 0.80

2.82 ± 0.64

 EELV80% effort

2.68 ± 0.49

2.87 ± 0.72

2.76 ± 0.59

 Slope of EELV across exercise stages (mL/watts)

0.06 ± 4.21

-1.78 ± 2.66

-0.69 ± 3.74

No. with increase in EELV slope [n (%)]

16 (55.2%)

5 (25.0%)

21 (42.9%)

  1. Footnote: Demographics, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, symptoms, and lung function in participants with preserved spirometry that underwent exercise testing. Other SHS exposure was defined as non-aircraft cabin SHS exposure outside the work or home environment such as in recreational public places. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number of participants with positive value for the variable (n) out of the total number of participants (N) and percentage of participants (%). Reference equations: percent predicted of normal values of spirometry, diffusing capacity, and lung volumes were calculated using Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI), Crapo, and Stock and Quanjer predicted formulas, respectively [39,40,41,42]. Percent predicted of normal values of cardiopulmonary outputs were calculated using Wassermann predicted formulas [39]. Available measures of the variables at peak exercise, at rest, and at anaerobic threshold were reported. Rate of change in the variables during the exercise testing were assessed by linear regression slope of the variables with respect to the workload
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, mMRC modified medical research council, SF12 Short Form 12-Item Health Survey, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, CAT COPD Assessment Test, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, FEF25-75 maximum airflow at mid-lung volume, FEF75 maximum airflow at low-lung volume, TLC total lung capacity, RV residual volume, FRC functional residual capacity, DLCO single-breath diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, Hgb hemoglobin, VO2 oxygen uptake, VO2Peak.kg peak oxygen uptake per kilogram of body weight, Watts work stage completed in watts, VCO2 carbon dioxide production, VE minute ventilation value, RER respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2) at peak exercise, RR respiratory rate, VT tidal volume, HR heart rate, HRR heart rate reserve, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, O2-Pulse oxygen uptake per heartbeat, SpO2 oxygen saturation, VFL volume of the tidal breath that is flow limited on expiration, EFL expiratory flow limitation, EELV end-expiratory lung volume, Slope of EELV across exercise stages: estimate of regression coefficient of three EELV measurements at each of baseline (rest), 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the load intensity (watts) of the peak exercise stage achieved
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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