Table 2 Principal causes of diaphragmatic paralysis [9]

Idiopathic

X

X

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

X

Complete cervical spinal cord dysfunction

X

Partial cervical spinal cord dysfunction

X

X

Critical illness myopathy/neuropathy

X

Guillain-Barré syndrome

X

Multiple Sclerosis

X

 Phrenic nerve dysfunction

 Blunt trauma

X

 Brachial plexopathy

X

X

 Post cardiac surgery

X

 Idiopathic neuropathy

X

X

 Paraneoplastic neuropathy

X

 Postinfectious neuropathy

X

X

 Radiation therapy

X

X

Dermatomyositis/ polymyositis

X

Inclusion body myositis

X

Systemic lupus erythematosus

X

Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

X

Malnutrition

X

X