Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author | Year | Country | Design | COVID-19 | Male (%) | Immunosuppression (%) | Age | PaO2/FiO2 | Definition of NIV failure | Patients with ARDS | NIV interface | NIV mode | NIV failure | ICU mortality | Hospital mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rocker | 1999 | Canada | Observational | No | 30% | NA | 47 ± 23 | 102 ± 57 | Intubation or death | 10 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 5 | 3 | 3 |
Antonelli | 2000 | Italy | RCT | No | 65% | 100% | 45 ± 19 | 129 ± 30 | Intubation | 8 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 3 | 3 | NA |
Hilbert | 2000 | France | Observational | No | 55% | 100% | 45 ± 16 | 128 ± 32 | Intubation | 64 | Oronasal | CPAP | 48 | 44 | NA |
Delclaux | 2000 | France | RCT | No | 61% | NA | 56 (19–85)# | 140 (59–228)# | Intubation | 40 | Oronasal | CPAP | 15 | 9 | 12 |
Antonelli | 2001 | Italy | Observational | No | 64% | 10% | Success: 58 (16–96)$ Failure: 60 (13–86)$ | Success: 119 ± 35 Failure: 120 ± 40 | Intubation | 86 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 44 | 26 | NA |
Confalonieri | 2002 | Italy | Observational | No | NA | 100% | 37 ± 9 | 122 ± 44 | Intubation | 24 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 8 | 6 | NA |
Ferrer | 2003 | Spain | RCT | No | 55% | 18% | 61 ± 17 | 102 ± 21 | Intubation | 7 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 6 | 5 | NA |
Zhi | 2003 | China | Observational | No | 42% | NA | 40 ± 3 | Success: 144 ± 15 Failure: 111 ± 8 | Intubation or death | 12 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP | 4 | NA | 4 |
Xu | 2003 | China | Observational | No | 57% | NA | 59 ± 12 | Pul*: 147 ± 28 Extrapul*: 163 ± 46 | Intubation | 23 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 6 | NA | NA |
Rai | 2004 | India | Observational | No | 64% | NA | 68 (29–82)$ | NA | Intubation | 4 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 2 | NA | NA |
Li | 2005 | China | Observational | No | 72% | NA | Pul*: 38 ± 12 Extrapul*: 34 ± 15 | Pul*: 138 ± 29 Extrapul*: 141 ± 33 | Intubation | 18 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 8 | NA | 6 |
Gu | 2005 | China | Observational | No | 69% | NA | 43 (29–84)$ | PaO2 51 ± 5 | Intubation | 29 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP | 4 | NA | 4 |
Rana | 2006 | USA | Observational | No | 61% | 43% | Success: 60 (46–84) Failure: 64 (55–73) | Success: 147 (118–209) Failure: 112 (70–157) | Intubation | 54 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 38 | NA | 26 |
Antonelli | 2007 | Italy | Observational | No | 63% | 15% | Success: 53 (35–64) Failure: 60 (51–68) | Success: 116 ± 38 Failure: 105 ± 33 | Intubation | 147 | Oronasal or helmet | BiPAP | 68 | 41 | 53 |
Adda | 2008 | France | Observational | No | 68% | 100% | Success: 59 (47–66) Failure: 57 (47–67) | PaO2 success: 44 (38–51) PaO2 failure: 54 (41–59) | Intubation | 32 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 31 | NA | NA |
Yoshida | 2008 | Japan | Observational | No | 72% | NA | Success: 68 ± 12 Failure: 70 ± 10 | Success: 122 ± 43 Failure: 125 ± 51 | Intubation | 47 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 14 | 9 | 13 |
Domenighetti | 2008 | Switzerland | Observational | No | 42% | NA | 66 ± 8 | 104 ± 42 | Intubation | 12 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 4 | 5 | NA |
Agarwal | 2009 | India | Observational | No | 43% | 43% | 42 ± 24 | 131 ± 46 | Intubation | 21 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 12 | 7 | NA |
Ding | 2009 | China | Observational | No | 74% | 42% | 49 ± 17 | 123 ± 32 | Intubation, death or withdrawal of therapy | 31 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 8 | NA | NA |
Zan | 2009 | China | Observational | No | 68% | NA | 58 (32–79)$ | 151 ± 19 | Intubation | 22 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 10 | NA | 9 |
Wang | 2009 | China | Observational | No | 53% | NA | 28 ± 2 | 229 ± 5 | Intubation | 21 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 6 | NA | 2 |
Gu | 2010 | China | Observational | No | 65% | NA | 38 (28–64)$ | PaO2 55 ± 4 | Intubation or tracheotomy | 40 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Uçgun | 2010 | Turkey | Observational | No | 90% | NA | 45 ± 20 | NA | Intubation | 10 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 6 | 3 | NA |
Gristina | 2011 | Italy | Observational | No | 59% | 100% | 60 ± 16 | NA | NA | 89 | Oronasal or helmet | BiPAP | 53 | 52 | 56 |
Bhadade | 2011 | India | Observational | No | 74% | NA | NA | NA | Intubation | 17 | Oronasal | NA | 11 | NA | NA |
Bai | 2011 | China | Observational | No | 61% | 12% | 46 (34–60) | 244 (211–290) | Intubation or death | 24 | NA | NA | 11 | 9 | NA |
Kirakli | 2011 | Turkey | Observational | No | 44% | NA | 39 (24–52) | Survivor: 150 (98–232) Nonsurvivor: 67 (60–100) | Intubation | 10 | NA | NA | 7 | NA | 6 |
Kikuchi | 2011a | Japan | Observational | No | 70% | NA | 69 ± 17 | PaO2 79 ± 27 | Intubation | 17 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 4 | NA | NA |
Kikuchi | 2011b | Japan | Observational | No | 51% | NA | 58 ± 23 | PaO2 81 ± 43 | Intubation | 18 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 6 | NA | NA |
Carrillo | 2012a | Spain | Observational | No | 59% | NA | 62 ± 18 | 127 ± 34 | Intubation or death | 35 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP | 25 | NA | 13 |
Carrillo | 2012b | Spain | Observational | No | 77% | NA | 72 ± 11 | 136 ± 37 | Intubation or death | 15 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP | 9 | NA | 7 |
Sharma | 2012 | India | Observational | No | 52% | NA | 48 ± 18 | 125 ± 78 | Intubation | 12 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 9 | NA | NA |
Zhan | 2012 | China | RCT | No | 76% | 24% | 44 ± 14 | 225 ± 17 | Intubation | 21 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Jin | 2012 | China | Observational | No | 37% | NA | Yushu earthquake: 33 ± 20 Wenchuan earthquake: 52 ± 19 | NA | Intubation | 19 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 6 | NA | NA |
Zhi | 2012 | China | RCT | No | 73% | NA | 48 ± 17 | 139 ± 49 | Intubation | 15 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 5 | 1 | NA |
Türkoğlu | 2013 | Turkey | Observational | No | 69% | 100% | 45 (28–57) | 104 (74–165) | Intubation | 46 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 36 | 34 | 35 |
Wang | 2013 | China | Observational | No | 54% | NA | Success: 70 (59–82) Failure: 60 (47–75) | Success: 192 ± 50 Failure: 170 ± 51 | Intubation | 24 | Oronasal or nasal | NA | 20 | NA | NA |
Thille | 2013 | France | Observational | No | 66% | 44% | Success: 58 ± 17 Failure: 63 ± 14 | Success: 211 ± 86 Failure: 163 ± 92 | Intubation | 82 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 50 | 24 | NA |
Zhang | 2014a | China | Observational | No | 41% | NA | 49 ± 10 | 127 ± 22 | NIV intolerance or requirement of intubation or death | 17 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 10 | NA | NA |
Zhang | 2014b | China | Observational | No | 53% | NA | 48 ± 9 | 125 ± 24 | 17 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 7 | NA | NA | |
Zhang | 2014c | China | Observational | No | 41% | NA | 53 ± 9 | 132 ± 22 | 17 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 4 | NA | NA | |
Verma | 2014 | India | Observational | No | 52% | NA | NA | NA | Intubation | 6 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 6 | 4 | NA |
Yu | 2014 | China | Observational | No | 97% | NA | 61 ± 7 | 126 ± 32 | Intubation | 64 | Oronasal | NA | 32 | NA | 2 |
Tsushima | 2014 | Japan | Observational | No | 77% | NA | Survivor: 71 ± 14 Nonsurvivor: 81 ± 5 | Survivor: 143 ± 62 Nonsurvivor: 122 ± 84 | Intubation | 47 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 17 | NA | 12 |
Sehgal | 2015 | India | Observational | No | 34% | NA | 27 (23–36) | 180 (166–232) | Intubation | 41 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 23 | NA | 19 |
Frat | 2015 | France | Observational | No | 71% | 36% | 61 (49–68) | 192 (158–251) | Intubation | 23 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 8 | NA | NA |
Chawla | 2016 | India | Observational | No | 62% | NA | 49 ± 15 | 192 ± 51 | Intubation | 96 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 42 | 29 | NA |
Korkmaz | 2016 | Turkey | Observational | No | 54% | 71% | 63 ± 16 | 145 ± 50 | Intubation | 28 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 17 | NA | NA |
Patel | 2016a | USA | RCT | No | 54% | 36% | 61 (56–71) | 144 (90–223) | Intubation | 39 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 24 | NA | 19 |
Patel | 2016b | USA | RCT | No | 55% | 34% | 58 (50–68) | 118 (93–170) | Intubation | 44 | Helmet | BiPAP | 8 | NA | 12 |
Meeder | 2016 | Netherlands | Observational | No | 53% | 11% | Success: 73 (28–87)$ Failure: 72 (41–88)$ | Success: 296 (211–369) Failure: 207 (146–296) | Intubation | 11 | NA | NA | 5 | NA | NA |
Ye | 2016 | China | Observational | No | 60% | NA | 54 ± 19 | 130 ± 46 | Intubation | 43 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 17 | NA | 22 |
Zhao | 2016 | China | Observational | No | 60% | NA | 47 ± 13 | NA | Intubation | 127 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP | 24 | NA | 9 |
Zeng | 2016 | China | Observational | No | 57% | NA | Success: 58 ± 17 Failure: 65 ± 19 | Success: 156 ± 12 Failure: 104 ± 10 | Intubation | 103 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 34 | 22 | NA |
Bellani | 2017 | Italy | Observational | No | 60% | 22% | Success: 67 (52–78) Failure: 63 (53–74) | Success: 171 ± 65 Failure: 145 ± 60 | Intubation | 349 | NA | BiPAP or CPAP | 131 | 79 | 94 |
Duan | 2017a | China | Observational | No | 70% | NA | Success: 65 ± 17 Failure: 66 ± 17 | Success: 179 ± 83 Failure: 137 ± 65 | Intubation | 85 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 61 | NA | NA |
Duan | 2017b | China | Observational | No | 62% | NA | Success: 65 ± 17 Failure: 67 ± 17 | Success: 165 ± 63 Failure: 146 ± 68 | Intubation | 45 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 27 | NA | NA |
Liu | 2017 | China | Observational | No | 71% | 100% | Success: 42 ± 10 Failure: 44 ± 11 | Success: 114 ± 33 Failure: 111 ± 45 | Intubation, death, or withdrawal of therapy | 17 | NA | BiPAP | 8 | NA | NA |
Neuschwander | 2017 | France | Observational | No | 64% | 100% | 57 (46–67) | NA | Intubation | 387 | Oronasal or nasal | NA | 276 | 171 | 213 |
Liu | 2017 | Canada | Observational | No | 60% | 100% | 56 ± 14 | PaO2 73 ± 38 | Intubation or change to palliative care | 41 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 28 | NA | NA |
Kumar | 2018 | India | Observational | No | 49% | NA | 40 ± 3 | 197 ± 74 | Intubation | 35 | Oronasal | NA | 15 | 7 | NA |
Hong | 2018 | China | Observational | No | 74% | NA | 77 ± 7 | 141 ± 60 | Intubation | 64 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 46 | NA | 33 |
Briones-Claudett | 2018 | Ecuador | Observational | No | 65% | NA | 68 ± 22 | PaO2 77 ± 11 | Intubation | 38 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 13 | 11 | NA |
Wang | 2018 | China | Observational | No | 68% | NA | 68 ± 12 | Success: 198 ± 74 Failure: 168 ± 63 | Intubation | 56 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 20 | NA | 14 |
He | 2019 | China | RCT | No | 67% | 9% | 53 ± 18 | 232 ± 35 | Intubation | 102 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 9 | 7 | 7 |
Bajaj | 2019 | India | Observational | No | 46% | NA | 53 ± 17 | 143 ± 94 | Intubation | 27 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 11 | 7 | NA |
Paternoster | 2020 | Italy | Observational | No | 36% | NA | 62 ± 10 | 108 ± 21 | Intubation | 11 | Helmet | CPAP | 3 | NA | 2 |
Satou | 2020 | Japan | Observational | No | 75% | NA | 68 ± 19 | Success: 137 ± 69 Failure: 126 ± 67 | Intubation or death | 68 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 16 | NA | 13 |
Liengswangwong | 2020 | Thailand | Observational | No | 49% | NA | Success: 75 ± 13 Failure: 73 ± 14 | PaO2 success: 122 ± 38 PaO2 Failure: 125 ± 60 | Intubation | 5 | NA | NA | 5 | NA | NA |
Ding | 2020 | China | Observational | No | 65% | NA | Success: 47 ± 9 Failure: 54 ± 11 | Success: 125 ± 41 Failure: 119 ± 19 | Intubation | 20 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 9 | 1 | 1 |
Menzella | 2020 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 71% | NA | 67 ± 11 | 120 ± 42 | Intubation | 79 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 41 | NA | 30 |
Carrillo | 2020 | Spain | Observational | No | 52% | NA | 67 ± 17 | 141 ± 36 | Intubation or death | 262 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 184 | NA | NA |
Pagano | 2020 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 72% | NA | Success: 70 ± 11 Failure: 68 ± 14 | Success: 143 ± 91 Failure: 167 ± 72 | Intubation | 18 | NA | CPAP | 8 | NA | 11 |
Shen | 2020 | China | Observational | No | 44% | 100% | Success: 39 (27–55) Failure: 41 (30–54) | Success: 146 (114–204) Failure: 153 (103–228) | Intubation | 70 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 44 | 39 | NA |
Duca | 2020a | Italy | Observational | Yes | 86% | NA | 70 (62–79) | 131 (97–190) | Intubation or death | 71 | Helmet | CPAP | 65 | NA | 54 |
Duca | 2020b | Italy | Observational | Yes | 71% | NA | 75 (59–80) | 87 (53–120) | Intubation or death | 7 | Helmet | BiPAP | 4 | NA | 4 |
Tonelli | 2020 | Italy | Observational | No | 67% | NA | 71 (66–81) | 125 (101–170) | Intubation or death | 15 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 7 | NA | NA |
Liu | 2020 | China | Observational | No | 53% | 40% | 58 ± 12 | 65 ± 19 | Intubation | 15 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 10 | NA | NA |
Wang | 2020 | China | Observational | Yes | 69% | NA | 64 ± 7 | 268 ± 6 | Intubation | 32 | NA | BiPAP | 6 | NA | 8 |
Simioli | 2021 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 86% | NA | 64 ± 23 | 95 ± 57 | Intubation | 29 | Oronasal or helmet | BiPAP or CPAP | 3 | 3 | NA |
Drescher | 2021 | USA | Observational | No | 51% | 13% | Success: 65 (49–71) Failure: 67 (57–75) | Success: 198 (149–298) Failure: 187 (106–235) | Intubation | 18 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 15 | NA | NA |
Koga | 2021 | Japan | Observational | No | 68% | NA | 78 (69–84) | 141 (97–186) | Intubation, death or crossover to HFNC | 10 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 7 | NA | NA |
Carpagnano | 2021 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 73% | NA | Survivor: 64 ± 14 Nonsurvivor: 75 ± 13 | Survivor: 226 ± 76 Nonsurvivor: 137 ± 54 | Death | 61 | NA | BiPAP or CPAP | 25 | 25 | NA |
Menzella | 2021 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 71% | NA | 67 ± 11 | 120 ± 42 | Intubation or death | 79 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 41 | 20 | NA |
Briones | 2021 | Ecuador | Observational | No | 66% | NA | 71 ± 19 | 192 ± 40 | Intubation | 5 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 2 | NA | 1 |
Zhao | 2021 | China | Observational | Yes | 75% | NA | 68 (62–76) | NA | Meet the criteria of intubation | 24 | Oronasal | NA | 16 | NA | 14 |
Zhu | 2021 | China | Observational | No | 62% | NA | Success: 57 ± 13 Failure: 63 ± 15 | Success: 145 ± 23 Failure: 122 ± 20 | Intubation or death | 180 | NA | NA | 27 | NA | NA |
Ramirez | 2022 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 80% | 5% | 61 (53–71) | 98 (74–137) | Intubation or death | 90 | Oronasal | CPAP | 35 | NA | 17 |
Lazzeri | 2022 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 75% | NA | Success: 60 ± 13 Failure: 70 ± 13 | Success: 123 (110–145) Failure: 82 (66–103) | Intubation | 75 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 31 | NA | 23 |
Sun | 2022 | China | Observational | No | 64% | NA | Success: 66 (59–76) Failure: 65 (57–77) | Success: 236 ± 53 Failure: 194 ± 78 | Meet the criteria of intubation | 131 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 64 | NA | NA |
Chiumello | 2022 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 77% | NA | 58 (52–64) | 264 (204–301) | NA | 104 | Oronasal or helmet | BiPAP or CPAP | 20 | NA | 13 |
Duan | 2022a | China | Observational | No | 69% | 8% | Success: 63 ± 16 Failure: 64 ± 16 | Success: 178 ± 74 Failure: 153 ± 60 | Need for intubation | 311 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 153 | NA | NA |
Duan | 2022b | China | Observational | No | 67% | 19% | Success: 61 ± 17 Failure: 61 ± 16 | Success: 147 ± 104 Failure: 137 ± 85 | Need for intubation | 143 | Oronasal or nasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 86 | NA | NA |
Jurjević | 2022 | Croatia | Observational | Yes | 57% | NA | 66 ± 11 | 137 ± 57 | Intubation | 58 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 15 | NA | NA |
Chacko | 2022 | India | Observational | Yes | 84% | NA | 53 ± 12 | 161 ± 80 | Intubation or death | 209 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 91 | NA | NA |
Isaac | 2022 | India | Observational | Yes | 83% | NA | 54 ± 12 | NA | Intubation or death | 168 | Oronasal | BiPAP or CPAP | 39 | 28 | NA |
Tetaj | 2022 | Italy | Observational | Yes | 65% | NA | 60 (48–73) | NA | Intubation or death | 224 | Oronasal or helmet | BiPAP or CPAP | 64 | NA | 43 |
Yaroshetskiy | 2022 | Russia | Observational | Yes | 56% | NA | 72 (62–80) | Success: 131 (92–230) Failure: 90 (70–120) | Meet the criteria of intubation | 80 | Oronasal | BiPAP | 57 | NA | 57 |