Clinical outcomes of long-term inhaled combination therapies in patients with bronchiectasis and airflow obstruction

Table 3 Hazard ratio of moderate-to-severe exacerbation in patients with bronchiectasis and airflow obstruction treated with inhaled combination therapies

	Univariable Cox regression model		Multivariable Cox regression model
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age	1.030 (1.009–1.052)	0.006	1.035 (1.012–1.059)	0.003
Female	0.898 (0.563–1.430)	0.649
BMI	1.019 (0.968–1.072)	0.476
Current smoker	1.276 (0.812–2.007)	0.291	2.041 (1.209–3.447)	0.007
mMRC grade	1.408 (1.081–1.834)	0.011	1.315 (1.012–1.7309)	0.030
BSI score	1.076 (1.019–1.137)	0.009
FACED score	1.140 (1.015–1.280)	0.027
Previous moderate or severe exacerbation history	1.546 (1.005–2.379)	0.047
Number of exacerbations in previous year	2.539 (2.002–3.220)	< 0.001	1.617 (1.017–2.571)	< 0.037
Lung cancer	1.309 (0.705–2.430)	0.394
Blood eosinophil count > 300/uL	0.559 (0.369–0.845)	0.006	0.583 (0.350–0.971)	0.038
hs-CRP	1.001 (0.943–1.064)	0.962
Baseline FEV₁(L)	0.614 (0.364–1.037)	0.068
Baseline FEV₁/FVC (%)	0.997 (0.981–1.013)	0.703
Baseline DL_CO, (%)	0.852 (0.696–1.043)	0.120	0.988 (0.977–0.998)	0.024
Positive bronchodilator response	0.767 (0.475–1.238)	0.277
*Colonization with Pseudomonasaeruginosa*	1.710 (0.746–3.918)	0.205
Total number of lobe involvement in CT	0.981 (0.851–1.130)	0.788
Inhaled combination therapy (ref: LABA/LAMA)
ICS/LABA	0.369 (0.207–0.658)	< 0.001	0.491 (0.191–1.263)	0.140
ICS/LABA/LAMA	0.413 (0.244–0.699)	< 0.001	0.692 (0.293–1.638)	0.403

Note: Data were analyzed with univariable and multivariable cox regression models and are presented as adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). BSI and FACED were omitted from the multivariable analysis due to concerns of collinearity with other clinical variables.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BSI, Bronchiectasis Severity Index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT, computed tomography; DL_CO, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; FACED, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, age, chronic infection with Pseudomonas, radiological extension and dyspnea; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HR, hazard ratio; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; mMRC, Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale

ISSN: 1471-2466