From: Exploring the association between ultra-processed foods and COPD: a case-control study
 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/d) | 2240.20± 623.22 | 2533.86± 632.20 | 2632.65± 612.85 | 2759.61± 683.36 | 3194.12± 727.04 | < 0.0001 |
Food groups (g/d) | Â | |||||
Whole grains | 2.90 ± 1.35 | 2.41 ± 1.38 | 3.01 ± 1.25 | 2.80 ± 1.44 | 5.63 ± 15.21 | 0.075 |
Fruit | 2.31 ± 1.23 | 2.52 ± 1.27 | 2.41 ± 1.18 | 2.73 ± 1.26 | 2.87 ± 1.17 | 0.101 |
Vegetables | 2.36 ± 1.33 | 2.66 ± 1.24 | 2.33 ± 1.21 | 2.83 ± 1.33 | 2.94 ± 1.27 | 0.031 |
Low-fat dairy products | 2.53 ± 1.41 | 2.83 ± 1.11 | 2.50 ± 1.22 | 2.70 ± 1.28 | 2.64 ± 1.26 | 0.672 |
Legumes and nuts | 2.31 ± 1.29 | 2.43 ± 1.12 | 2.27 ± 1.28 | 2.83 ± 1.30 | 2.91 ± 1.22 | 0.009 |
Red meat/processed meat | 2.60 ± 1.28 | 2.43 ± 1.18 | 2.60 ± 1.16 | 3.04 ± 1.17 | 2.59 ± 1.32 | 0.031 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.90 ± 1.24 | 2.33 ± 1.05 | 2.46 ± 0.95 | 2.84 ± 1.22 | 2.59 ± 1.64 | 0.073 |
Macronutrients (g/d) | Â | |||||
Carbohydrate | 84.28 ± 23.85 | 89.75 ± 22.06 | 94.92 ± 19.24 | 98.80 ± 21.92 | 166.73 ± 315.68 | < 0.0001 |
Protein | 84.28 ± 23.85 | 89.75 ± 22.06 | 94.92 ± 19.24 | 98.80 ± 21.92 | 166.73 ± 315.68 | 0.006 |
Fat | 57.10 ± 20.72 | 68.40 ± 30.03 | 66.78 ± 27.99 | 72.35 ± 25.03 | 93.58 ± 51.71 | < 0.0001 |
Dietary fiber | 16.67 ± 6.76 | 21.49 ± 9.19 | 19.91 ± 7.16 | 22.47 ± 9.71 | 24.60 ± 10.32 | < 0.0001 |
Micronutrients | Â | |||||
Sodium (mg/d) | 3680.49± 1777.94 | 3677.95± 1427.19 | 3772.93± 1127.96 | 4219.88± 1045.83 | 5144.35± 1787.45 | < 0.0001 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 312.76± 145.48 | 368.44± 135.41 | 399.21± 131.24 | 444.73± 151.89 | 427.22± 165.56 | < 0.0001 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 3418.20± 1192.30 | 3757.63± 942.72 | 3915.71± 959.99 | 4214.55± 1006.03 | 5577.04± 5067.32 | < 0.0001 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1176.97± 490.20 | 1131.99± 317.13 | 1127.38± 310.21 | 1152.64± 292.88 | 1454.48± 703.19 | < 0.0001 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 7.11 ± 4.06 | 6.87 ± 4.09 | 7.14 ± 7.10 | 7.17 ± 4.49 | 8.23 ± 3.68 | 0.599 |
Folate (mcg/d) | 312.49± 102.74 | 365.84± 97.05 | 362.10± 118.62 | 381.52± 90.73 | 427.55± 157.00 | < 0.0001 |
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 121.93± 57.91 | 145.12± 55.06 | 136.83± 58.21 | 141.56± 53.65 | 172.18± 83.92 | 0.001 |
Vitamin K (mg/d) | 176.76± 161.03 | 276.21± 233.62 | 348.77± 301.30 | 410.68 ± 286.65 | 314.31± 300.18 | < 0.0001 |
Others | Â | |||||
Cholesterol (mg/d) | 213.81± 104.68 | 257.85± 172.84 | 237.13± 93.83 | 274.24± 129.68 | 285.89± 118.88 | 0.016 |