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Table 5 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for COPD across quintiles of UPF intake score

From: Exploring the association between ultra-processed foods and COPD: a case-control study

 

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Crude

model

1

1.09

(0.48–2.47)

P = 0.828

0.68

(0.30–1.53)

P = 0.351

0.51

(0.23–1.10)

P = 0.087

0.78

(0.34–1.77)

P = 0.557

Model 1

1

0.97

(0.42–2.27)

P = 0.954

0.58

(0.25–1.37)

P = 0.218

0.41

(0.18–0.97)

P = 0.041

0.48

(0.19–1.21)

P = 0.117

Model 2

1

0.95

(0.36–2.51)

P = 0.911

0.44

(0.16–1.22)

P = 0.115

0.30

(0.11–0.80)

P = 0.017

0.36

(0.12–1.10)

P = 0.074

  1. The adjusted odds ratio is derived from logistic regression analysis
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake
  3. Model 2: Further adjusted for BMI, physical activity, hookah use and smoking status