Table 1 Patient characteristics

Age (yr)

66.27 ± 7.44

72.37 ± 9.72

 < 0.001

Male sex (%)

78.57

68.32

0.082

Body-mass index, kg/m²

23.79 ± 3.35

21.14 ± 3.72

 < 0.001

Smoking status (%)

0.01

 Never smoker

52.38

31.68

 Former smoker

24.40

43.56

 Current smoker

23.21

24.75

 Smoking history (pack-yr)

35.86 ± 21.3

39.99 ± 22.74

Pulmonary function

 FEV₁- % of predicted value

94.67 ± 18.19

46.35 ± 18.83

 < 0.001

 FEV₁:FVC ratio

88.8 ± 9.69

54.86 ± 10.76

 < 0.001

 COPD stage (%)

-

  GOLD I

-

4.95

  GOLD II

-

35.64

  GOLD III

-

38.61

  GOLD IV

-

20.79

 Emphysema (%)

-

84.15

 LAA₉₅₀ (%)

8.76 ± 9.49

32.53 ± 16.36

 < 0.001