Table 1 Characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of the study population after PSM

In-hospital mortality

191 (1.6)

24 (1.0)

167 (1.7)

0.006

LOS, days^a

8.3 ± 0.1

8.3 ± 0.1

8.4 ± 0.1

0.497

Non-routine discharge^a

2457 (20.6)

558 (23.2)

1899 (19.9)

< 0.001

Total hospital costs, per 1000 dollars

148.3 ± 1.5

145.8 ± 2.2

149.0 ± 1.6

0.208

Postoperative complications

8353 (68.6)

1741 (71.4)

6612 (67.9)

< 0.001

 Bleeding

6159 (50.7)

1214 (50.0)

4945 (50.9)

0.457

 Postoperative shock

597 (4.9)

110 (4.6)

487 (5.0)

0.380

 VTE

218 (1.8)

43 (1.7)

175 (1.8)

0.874

 Pneumonia

710 (5.8)

147 (6.0)

563 (5.8)

0.647

 Infection/sepsis

735 (6.0)

143 (5.8)

592 (6.0)

0.671

 Respiratory failure / prolonged mechanical ventilation

2618 (21.4)

631 (25.8)

1987 (20.3)

< 0.001

 AKI

1730 (14.3)

397 (16.4)

1333 (13.7)

< 0.001

 Postoperative AF

1284 (10.5)

271 (11.0)

1013 (10.4)

0.333

Age, years

65.8 ± 0.1

65.6 ± 0.2

65.9 ± 0.1

0.218

 18–49

566 (4.6)

101 (4.1)

465 (4.7)

0.169

 50–59

2451 (20.1)

527 (21.6)

1924 (19.7)

 60–69

4809 (39.4)

965 (39.5)

3844 (39.4)

 70–79

3614 (29.7)

704 (28.9)

2910 (29.9)

 80+

755 (6.2)

142 (5.9)

613 (6.3)

Sex

0.253

 Male

9273 (75.9)

1834 (75.1)

7439 (76.2)

 Female

2922 (24.1)

605 (24.9)

2317 (23.8)

Race

< 0.001

 White

10,531 (86.4)

2164 (88.7)

8367 (85.8)

 Black

637 (5.2)

127 (5.2)

510 (5.3)

 Hispanic

568 (4.7)

86 (3.5)

482 (4.9)

 Others

459 (3.7)

62 (2.5)

397 (4.0)

Insurance status

< 0.001

 Medicare/Medicaid

8183 (67.3)

1621 (66.6)

6562 (67.5)

 Private including HMO

3361 (27.5)

719 (29.5)

2642 (27.0)

 Self-pay/no-charge/other

639 (5.2)

96 (3.9)

543 (5.5)

 Missing

12

9

Household income

< 0.001

 Quartile1

3955 (33.2)

719 (30.1)

3236 (33.9)

 Quartile2

3586 (30.0)

675 (28.3)

2911 (30.5)

 Quartile3

2712 (22.7)

588 (24.6)

2124 (22.2)

 Quartile4

1683 (14.1)

405 (16.9)

1278 (13.4)

 Missing

259

52

207

Smoking

< 0.001

 No

3840 (31.3)

863 (35.1)

2977 (30.3)

 Yes

8355 (68.7)

1576 (64.9)

6779 (69.7)

Study year

0.777

 2005–2009

3515 (27.8)

685 (27.3)

2830 (28.0)

 2010–2015

4818 (39.8)

979 (40.3)

3839 (39.6)

 2016–2018

3862 (32.4)

775 (32.4)

3087 (32.4)

Hospital bed number

0.072

 Small

1163 (9.3)

229 (9.2)

934 (9.4)

 Medium

2997 (24.8)

645 (26.7)

2352 (24.4)

 Large

7978 (65.9)

1548 (64.1)

6430 (66.3)

 Missing

57

17

40

Hospital location/ teaching status

0.004

 Rural

573 (4.7)

85 (3.5)

488 (5.0)

 Urban nonteaching

4123 (33.6)

814 (33.5)

3309 (33.6)

 Urban teaching

7442 (61.7)

1523 (63.1)

5919 (61.4)

 Missing

57

17

40

Comorbidity

 Congestive heart failure

3480 (28.7)

681 (28.1)

2799 (28.8)

0.498

 Valvular heart disease

1083 (8.9)

214 (8.8)

869 (8.9)

0.799

 CKD

1997 (16.5)

471 (19.4)

1526 (15.8)

< 0.001

 Peripheral vascular disease

3128 (25.7)

568 (23.3)

2560 (26.3)

0.003

 Obesity

3685 (30.0)

737 (30.1)

2948 (30.0)

0.970

 History of MI

2619 (21.6)

497 (20.5)

2122 (21.9)

0.143

 History of AF

4005 (33.0)

886 (36.5)

3119 (32.1)

< 0.001

 Diabetes

5372 (44.1)

1277 (52.4)

4095 (42.0)

< 0.001

 CPAP use

608 (5.0)

235 (9.7)

373 (3.8)

< 0.001

 Prior PCI

1307 (10.7)

295 (12.1)

1012 (10.3)

0.012

 Prior valvular surgery

37 (0.3)

11 (0.4)

26 (0.3)

0.173

 Prior CABG

238 (2.0)

46 (1.9)

192 (2.0)

0.789

ACCI

0.534

 0

115 (0.9)

22 (0.9)

93 (0.9)

 723 (5.9)

140 (5.7)

583 (5.9)

 1707 (13.9)

352 (14.3)

1355 (13.8)

 3

2626 (21.5)

496 (20.3)

2130 (21.8)

 4

2446 (20.0)

484 (19.8)

1962 (20.1)

 5+

4578 (37.7)

945 (39.0)

3633 (37.4)