Complication | # of cases | Potential cause(s) |
---|---|---|
Cough, wheezing | 33 | Metal hypersensitivity reaction, Reinke’s edema; excessive mucus or phlegm, infection |
Difficulty in phlegm excretion | 31 | Stent-associated airway tissue damage, lumen expansion, or airway mucous membrane irritation |
Ulcer of the tracheal mucosa | 19 | Tissue damage by radiation or stent |
Chest pain | 14 | Airway inflammation, endothelial cell injury and ischemia following the procedure; over-size stent resulted in over expansion of airway lumen |
Fever and hemoptysis | 6 | Tissue injury by the ends of stent, or compression of the peripheral blood vessels by stent that could result in vessel wall necrosis and rupture |
Airway infection | 5 | Stent restenosis caused airway obstruction, difficulty in phlegm excretion |
Secondary airway stenosis | 5 | Granulation tissue hyperplasia after the stent implantation |
Temporal dysphonia or pharyngitis | 4 | Mucosal edema |
Tracheal adventitia rupture followed by tumor infiltration into the mediastinal space | 3 | Maloperation of stent placement procedure |
Stent restenosis | 2 | Tumor re-growth due to insufficient energy of 125I or hyperplasia of granulation tissue at the ends of the stent or infiltration through stent mesh |