Table 1 Mendelian randomization estimates for genetically predicted retinol and related proteins on different severities of COVID-19 using different methods with liberal instrument selection
From: Retinol and retinol binding protein 4 levels and COVID-19: a Mendelian randomization study
Exposure | Outcome | P for significance threshold | MR methods | No. of SNPs | OR (95% CI) | MR P value | P-het | P-intercept | P for MR-PRESSO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retinol | COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 8 | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) | 0.0065 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.864 |
COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 8 | 0.65 (0.33–1.29) | 0.2670 | ||||
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 8 | 0.76 (0.46–1.25) | 0.2769 | 0.73 | 0.88 | 0.728 | |
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 8 | 0.83 (0.24–2.89) | 0.7825 | ||||
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 8 | 0.65 (0.30–1.40) | 0.2743 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.674 | |
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 8 | 0.94 (0.14–6.11) | 0.9487 | ||||
RBP4 | COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | 0.0072 | NA | NA | NA |
COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 11 | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.2693 | 0.11 | 0.76 | 0.096 | |
COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 11 | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 0.9927 | ||||
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 0.76 (0.58-1.00) | 0.0505 | NA | NA | NA | |
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 11 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.6101 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.062 | |
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 11 | 1.13 (0.77–1.65) | 0.5391 | ||||
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 0.70 (0.45–1.09) | 0.1128 | NA | NA | NA | |
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 13 | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 0.0788 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.147 | |
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 13 | 0.99 (0.56–1.74) | 0.9671 | ||||
RDH16 | COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 12 | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.4260 | 0.84 | 0.68 | 0.843 |
COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 12 | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.8950 | ||||
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) | 0.6600 | NA | NA | NA | |
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 16 | 1.10 (1.01–1.18) | 0.0199 | 0.59 | 0.69 | 0.637 | |
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 16 | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 0.1765 | ||||
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 0.9941 | NA | NA | NA | |
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 17 | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 0.0562 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.209 | |
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 17 | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 0.6064 | ||||
CRABP1 | COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 0.0881 | NA | NA | NA |
COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 13 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.0290 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.341 | |
COVID-19 susceptibility | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 13 | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 0.1938 | ||||
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 1.04 (0.85–1.26) | 0.7144 | NA | NA | NA | |
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 15 | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 0.9114 | 0.62 | 0.87 | 0.657 | |
COVID-19 hospitalization | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 15 | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 0.9215 | ||||
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 8 | Wald ratio | 1 | 1.27 (0.91–1.76) | 0.1626 | NA | NA | NA | |
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | IVW | 15 | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) | 0.8388 | 0.20 | 0.63 | 0.263 | |
COVID-19 severity | 5 × 10− 6 | MR-Egger | 15 | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.7286 |