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Pulmonary function testing in HTLV-I and HTLV-II infected humans: a cohort study
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-3-1
© Murphy et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2003
Received: 14 May 2003
Accepted: 28 July 2003
Published: 28 July 2003
Abstract
Background
HTLV-I infection has been linked to lung pathology and HTLV-II has been associated with an increased incidence of pneumonia and acute bronchitis. However it is unknown whether HTLV-I or -II infection alters pulmonary function.
Methods
We performed pulmonary function testing on HTLV-I, HTLV-II and HTLV seronegative subjects from the HTLV outcomes study (HOST), including vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) corrected for hemoglobin and lung volume. Multivariable analysis adjusted for differences in age, gender, race/ethnicity, height and smoking history.
Results
Mean (standard deviation) pulmonary function values among the 257 subjects were as follows: FVC = 3.74 (0.89) L, FEV1 = 2.93 (0.67) L, DLCOcorr = 23.82 (5.89) ml/min/mmHg, alveolar ventilation (VA) = 5.25 (1.20) L and DLCOcorr/VA = 4.54 (0.87) ml/min/mmHg/L. There were no differences in FVC, FEV1 and DLCOcorr/VA by HTLV status. For DLCOcorr, HTLV-I and HTLV-II subjects had slightly lower values than seronegatives, but neither difference was statistically significant after adjustment for confounding.
Conclusions
There was no difference in measured pulmonary function and diffusing capacity in generally healthy HTLV-I and HTLV-II subjects compared to seronegatives. These results suggest that previously described HTLV-associated abnormalities in bronchoalveolar cells and fluid may not affect pulmonary function.
Keywords
Background
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been associated with sporadic cases of chronic bronchiolitis and alveolitis, especially in patients with concurrent HTLV associated myelopathy (HAM) [1, 2]. HTLV type II (HTLV-II) has been epidemiologically associated with increased incidences of bronchitis and pneumonia among HTLV-II infected persons [3, 4].
Biological studies have demonstrated increased levels of CD3+/CD25+ lymphocytes [5], HTLV-I proviral load and HTLV-I tax/rex mRNA expression [6, 7], HTLV-I specific IgA [8], soluble interleukin-2 receptors [9], beta-chemokines [7] and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [10], in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from HTLV-I infected humans. In addition, mice transgenic for HTLV-I p40 tax had lymphocytic infiltration of peribronchial and perivascular lung tissues associated with intrapulmonary expression of tax mRNA [11]. In general, patients with HTLV myelopathy or uveitis had more pronounced biological changes, but some of these studies also found biological changes in the lungs of asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers.
However, whether HTLV-I or HTLV-II alters pulmonary function is unknown. Such information is important because the pathologic spectrum of these chronic human retroviral infections has not been completely described. In addition, such information would be useful to physicians who must counsel or treat persons found to be HTLV-I or -II seropositive by serologic screening at the time of blood donation, military service, or as part of clinical care associated with injection drug use.
We therefore performed standardized pulmonary function testing (PFT) on HTLV-I and HTLV-II infected persons participating in the HTLV Outcomes Study (HOST), a prospective multicenter cohort study of the health outcomes of HTLV infection that was initiated as part of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study.
Methods
Study design and patient population
The enrollment and follow-up procedures of the HOST have been described in detail elsewhere [4]. In brief, persons found to be seropositive for HTLV-I and HTLV-II at the time of routine or autologous blood donation in 1990–1992 at five United States blood centers were eligible for enrollment. HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection status was confirmed with type-specific serology and/or polymerase chain reaction testing. Subjects have been followed approximately every two years with health history questionnaires, physical examinations, and blood testing. At the third biennial visit in 1995–1997, we performed PFT on a randomly selected subset of HTLV-I and -II positive subjects at four of the five HOST centers (American Red Cross Blood Services Southeastern Michigan (Detroit, MI), American Red Cross Blood Services Southern California (Los Angeles, CA), Blood Centers of the Pacific (San Francisco, CA), and the Oklahoma Blood Institute (Oklahoma City, OK)). We also selected seronegative subjects at the same four centers by strata based upon the age, sex and racial distribution of the HTLV positive subjects, and asked them to undergo PFT.
PFT Procedures
In performing the PFTs, we followed standards published by the American Thoracic Society [12]. Spirometers were calibrated according to these standards, and subjects performed three forced expirations. We measured forced vital capacity (FVC) in liters, forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), diffusing lung capacity corrected for hemoglobin (DLCOcorr) and diffusing lung capacity corrected for hemoglobin and alveolar ventilation (DLCOcorr/VA). Each subject's best effort, as judged by the highest sum of vital capacity and FEV1 from among three expiratory efforts, was used in the analysis.
Statistical analysis
For each of the pulmonary function measures, means and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated. The mean of each parameter was compared between the HTLV-I, HTLV-II and seronegative groups using ANOVA tests (PROC GLM). Outcome variables, FVC, FEV1, DLCOcorr and DLCOcorr/VA were all treated as continuous variables in the model. Multivariable analysis was performed using linear regression, adjusting for age (quartiles: ≤ 40, 41–47, 47–53 and 54+), gender (male or female), race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian/other), smoking history (nonsmokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers) and weight (study population quartiles, ≤ 66 kg, 67–78 kg, 79–88.5 kg and ≥ 88.5 kg). The model evaluated differences in pulmonary function parameters and their statistical significance when all important confounders, such as smoking, and characteristics of the study subjects were taken into consideration. Due to the limited number of subjects, we were unable to stratify the analysis by center. Nonetheless, power calculations revealed that the study was able to detect a 10 percent difference compared to seronegatives in the parameters measured with power (1 – beta) of 0.65 to 0.85 for HTLV-I, and 0.82 to 0.96 for HTLV-II. All analyses were done using SAS (SAS version 6.12, Cary, NC).
For each of the pulmonary function measures, means and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated. The mean of each parameter was compared between the HTLV-I, HTLV-II and seronegative groups using ANOVA tests. Multivariable analysis, adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking history and weight, was performed using linear regression. Due to the limited number of subjects, we were unable to stratify the analysis by center. Power calculations revealed that, relative to the seronegatives, the study was able to detect a 10 percent decrease in the parameters measured with power (1 – beta) of 0.65 to 0.85 for HTLV-I and 0.82 to 0.96 for HTLV-II. All analyses were done using SAS (SAS version 6.12, Cary, NC). The Committee on Human Research of the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, has approved the study.
Results
Demographic characteristics, smoking history, respiratory disease history, height and weight of subjects undergoing PFT, HTLV cohort study.
Variable | HTLV-I n = 46 n(%) | HTLV-II n = 84 n(%) | HTLV Seronegative n = 127 n(%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 21–30 | 1 (2) | 0 | 7 (6) |
31–40 | 7 (15) | 17 (20) | 28 (22) | |
41–50 | 18 (39) | 42 (50) | 49 (39) | |
51–60 | 8 (17) | 15 (18) | 24 (19) | |
61 plus | 12 (26) | 10 (12) | 19 (15) | |
Sex | Male | 12 (26) | 26 (31) | 35 (28) |
Female | 34 (74) | 58 (69) | 92 (72) | |
Race/Ethnicity | Asian/Other | 5 (11) | 2 (2) | 12 (10) |
Black | 20 (44) | 17 (20) | 24 (19) | |
Hispanic | 4 (9) | 28 (33) | 34 (26) | |
White | 17 (37) | 37 (44) | 57 (45) | |
Cigarette Smoking | Current Smoker | 5 (11) | 26 (31) | 14 (11) |
Ex-Smoker | 19 (41) | 30 (36) | 32 (25) | |
Never Smoked | 22 (48) | 28 (33) | 81 (64) | |
Pneumonia and/or Bronchitis Diagnosed during study | ||||
Yes | 10 (22) | 28 (33) | 26 (21) | |
No | 36 (78) | 56 (67) | 101 (79) | |
mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | ||
Height (Meters) | Males | 1.74 (0.07) | 1.76 (0.07) | 1.77 (0.08) |
Females | 1.62 (0.07) | 1.63 (0.08) | 1.63 (0.07) | |
Weight | Males | 82.0 (11.7) | 85.2 (14.4) | 89.4 (10.5) |
Females | 72.9 (14.5) | 77.4 (20.2) | 76.2 (18.5) |
Mean (standard deviation) pulmonary function values among all 257 subjects were as follows: FVC = 3.74 (0.89) L, FEV1 = 2.93 (0.67) L, DLCOcorr = 23.82 (5.89) ml/min/mmHg, alveolar ventilation (VA) = 5.25 (1.20) L and DLCOcorr/VA = 4.54 (0.87) ml/min/mmHg/L. These data were comparable to mean values for men and women combined reported by the First National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES I) of FVC = 3.82, FEV1 = 2.94 and DLCOcorr = 26.605 [13]. In our study, FVC and FEV1 were also corrected for height squared (in meters), yielding values of 1.34 (0.24) L/m2 and 1.05 (0.20) L/m2, respectively. There was also no significant difference in small airway flow (FEF25–75) between HTLV infected and seronegatives (p = 0.47, data not shown).
Scatter plot showing values of forced vital capacity (FVC) for each subject, with bars indicating mean, and mean plus and minus standard deviation, by HTLV status.
Scatter plot showing values of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) for each subject, with bars indicating mean, and mean plus and minus standard deviation, by HTLV status.
Scatter plot showing values of diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin (DLCOcorr) for each subject, with bars indicating mean, and mean plus and minus standard deviation, by HTLV status.
Scatter plot showing values of diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin and alveolar ventilation (DLCOcorr/VA) for each subject, with bars indicating mean, and mean plus and minus standard deviation, by HTLV status.
Unadjusted and adjusted (for age, sex, race, smoking history and body weight) comparison of pulmonary function values between the HTLV-I or HTLV-II groups, versus the HTLV seronegatives.
Seronegative mean | HTLV-I vs. Seronegatives | HTLV-II vs. Seronegatives | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Unadj Diff in Means | Adjusted Diff (95%CI) | Unadj Diff in Means | Adjusted Diff (95%CI) | |
FVC/height2 (liters/m2) | 1.35 | -0.09 | -0.02 (-0.09, 0.05) | 0.02 | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.07) |
FEV1/height2 (liters/m2) | 1.06 | -0.05 | -0.01 (-0.07, 0.05) | 0.00 | 0.00 (-0.04, 0.05) |
DLCOcorr (ml/minute/mmHG) | 24.58 | -2.31 | -1.23 (-3.20, 0.74) | -1.31 | -0.34 (-1.77, 1.09) |
DLCOcorr/VA (ml/minute/mmHg) | 4.6 | -0.02 | 0.05 (-0.28, 0.38) | -0.18 | 0.03 (-0.21, 0.27) |
Discussion
This study did not reveal significant differences between HTLV-I or -II infected and uninfected persons in pulmonary function or diffusing capacity, after adjustment for confounding variables. This normal pulmonary function data are in contrast to previous reports of bronchio-alveolitis and differences in biological measurements in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid among persons with HTLV-I infection [1, 7].
Most previous reports of HTLV-I bronchio-alveolitis reported more frequent and severe pathological and biological abnormalities of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with HTLV myelopathy or uveitis compared to HTLV-I carriers without apparent disease [6, 8, 14]. Since our patients were without overt inflammatory disease, we cannot comment on potential pulmonary function abnormalities in patients with clinical inflammation. Likewise a rare case of bronchio-alveolitis among our study group could have had pulmonary function abnormalities that were masked by our comparison of mean values among the HTLV-I, HTLV-II and seronegative groups. Finally, our subjects could have had clinical or subclinical pulmonary inflammation due to HTLV-I or HTLV-II infection, but this inflammation was not of sufficient severity or duration to manifest measurable decrements in overt pulmonary function.
Data from the cohort study from which these subjects were drawn has revealed an increased incidence of pneumonia and acute bronchitis among HTLV-II, and to a lesser degree HTLV-I, infected humans [3, 4]. Those results were based upon analyses of reported physician diagnoses of these illnesses, and were adjusted statistically to account for differences in socioeconomic status, cigarette smoking and alcohol intake between HTLV infected and uninfected subjects. Although we initially attributed these illnesses to an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, we now propose the hypothesis that these diagnoses may have been due to immunological mechanisms as in cases of HTLV-I bronchio-alveolitis. The negative results of current study, although reassuring to persons with HTLV-I or HTLV-II infection, cannot exclude either of these hypotheses.
Strengths of the current study include its setting in a well characterized cohort study of humans with laboratory confirmed HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection, and the inclusion of an appropriate control group. Due to information gathered in the cohort study, we were also able to control for other potential confounding variables such as cigarette smoking and alcohol intake. Weaknesses include moderate size of the study, which made us unable to detect PFT differences that were less than about ten percent. PFT's were done at four different sites, which could have resulted in increased variability of the results. The PFTs that we used may be insensitive to minor degrees of pulmonary damage, and with this cross-sectional data we may have missed a progressive loss of pulmonary function over time in the HTLV groups.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this moderate size study did not reveal any statistically significant differences in pulmonary function between generally healthy HTLV-I or -II infected persons and comparable HTLV seronegatives. However it could not rule out subtle differences in lung inflammation that might lead to functional impairment over a longer follow-up period. Further studies of the immunologic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from HTLV-I or -II infected humans are needed, especially in persons with a history of recurrent pneumonia or acute bronchitis but without myelopathy or uveitis.
Author's contributions
Study Design: Murphy, Ameti
Patient Accrual: Ownby, Smith, Garratty, Hutching
Data Analysis: Murphy, Wu
Manuscript Writing: Murphy
Manuscript Comments & Reviews: all authors
Declarations
Acknowledgments
We are indebted to the study nurses (Janis Campbell, Peggy Richie, Alberta Rodney, Kate Sclimenti, Diana Wilke, Rebecca Ruedy, Elane Moore), to the staff of the PFT units at Detroit Receiving Hospital, Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, San Francisco General Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital of Oklahoma City, and to the subjects who agreed to undergo PFT.
Authors’ Affiliations
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