Table 2 COPD study: inspiratory flow profile from acoustic monitoring

Flow at BAM firing, L/min

 First inhalation

42.9 ± 6.4 (28.8–52.1)

40.3 ± 4.2 (33.8–50.9)

41.1 ± 7.0 (18.1–51.4)

44.8 ± 7.5 (29.2–56.2)

41.9 ± 6.3 (18.1–56.2)

 Second inhalation

43.6 ± 7.4 (32.5–57.1)

40.8 ± 5.6 (26.6–47.4)

43.4 ± 5.2 (34.1–56.5)

41.0 ± 6.9 (30.1–48.6)

42.4 ± 6.2 (26.6–57.1)

PIF, L/min

 First inhalation

74.1 ± 20.8 (47.7–125.4)

69.1 ± 17.7 (45.3–103.4)

63.5 ± 15.0 (40.5–97.5)

63.5 ± 20.2 (31.5–104.5)

68.0 ± 18.4 (31.5–125.4)

 Second inhalation

71.9 ± 22.1 (45.1–135.9)

70.5 ± 12.9 (45.4–90.7)

66.4 ± 17.8 (41.3–101.7)

55.3 ± 14.3 (32.0–82.3)

67.6 ± 17.9 (32.0–135.9)

Time to BAM firing, s

 First inhalation

0.10 (0.06–0.49)

0.14 (0.05–0.49)

0.16 (0.02–0.63)

0.14 (0.07–0.49)

0.13 (0.02–0.63)

 Second inhalation

0.21 (0.06–0.53)

0.13 (0.05–0.31)

0.16 (0.07–0.72)

0.15 (0.05–0.31)

0.16 (0.05–0.72)

Time to PIF, s

 First inhalation

0.58 (0.38–1.56)

0.54 (0.36–1.17)

0.54 (0.11–1.46)

0.53 (0.42–0.99)

0.54 (0.11–1.56)

 Second inhalation

0.56 (0.38–1.70)

0.60 (0.36–1.31)

0.63 (0.11–1.37)

0.45 (0.19–1.05)

0.59 (0.11–1.70)

Total inhalation time, s

 First inhalation

2.73 (1.86–4.24)

2.38 (0.96–3.34)

2.33 (0.98–4.03)

2.21 (0.77–3.20)

2.51 (0.77–4.24)

 Second inhalation

2.68 (1.87–4.30)

2.33 (1.18–3.50)

2.40 (1.45–3.78)

2.11 (0.46–3.09)

2.44 (0.46–4.30)

Total inhaled volume, L

 First inhalation

2.28 ± 0.67 (1.27–4.05)

1.70 ± 0.60 (0.51–2.66)

1.75 ± 0.73 (0.38–3.65)

1.51 ± 0.62 (0.31–2.26)

1.85 ± 0.70 (0.31–4.05)

 Second inhalation

2.15 ± 0.76 (1.18–4.36)

1.73 ± 0.54 (0.68–2.42)

1.73 ± 0.56 (0.65–2.83)

1.23 ± 0.62 (0.17–1.97)

1.78 ± 0.67 (0.17–4.36)