Ogilvie CM, Forster RE, Blakemore WS, Morton JW. A standardized breath holding technique for the clinical measurement of the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. J Clin Invest. 1957;36(1 Part 1):1–17.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gutierrez C, Ghezzo RH, Abboud RT, Cosio MG, Dill JR, Martin RR, et al. Reference values of pulmonary function tests for Canadian Caucasians. Can Respir J. 2004;11(6):414–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Verbanck S, Van Muylem A, Schuermans D, Bautmans I, Thompson B, Vincken W. Transfer factor, lung volumes, resistance and ventilation distribution in healthy adults. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(1):166–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia-Rio F, Dorgham A, Galera R, Casitas R, Martinez E, Alvarez-Sala R, et al. Prediction equations for single-breath diffusing capacity in subjects aged 65 to 85 years. Chest. 2012;142(1):175–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thompson BR, Johns DP, Bailey M, Raven J, Walters EH, Abramson MJ. Prediction equations for single breath diffusing capacity (Tlco) in a middle aged caucasian population. Thorax. 2008;63(10):889–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crapo RO, Morris AH. Standardized single breath normal values for carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;123(2):185–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Knudson RJ, Kaltenborn WT, Knudson DE, Burrows B. The single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Reference equations derived from a healthy nonsmoking population and effects of hematocrit. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135(4):805–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stanojevic S, Graham BL, Cooper BG, Thompson BR, Carter KW, Francis RW, et al. Official ERS technical standards: global lung function initiative reference values for the carbon monoxide transfer factor for Caucasians. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(3):1700010.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim YJ, Christoph K, Yu Z, Eigen H, Tepper RS. Pulmonary diffusing capacity in healthy African-American and Caucasian children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(1):84–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chhabra SK, Kumar R, Mittal V. Prediction equations for spirometry for children from Northern India. Indian Pediatr. 2016;53(9):781–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gochicoa-Rangel L, Del-Rio-Hidalgo R, Alvarez-Arroyo MR, Martinez-Briseno D, Mora-Romero U, Martinez-Valdeavellano L, et al. Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide in Mexican/Latino children. Quality control and reference values. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2019;16(2):240–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Amra B, Asadi M, Salehi H, Zamani AR, Golshan M. Normative reference values for lung transfer factor in Isfahan. Iran Respirology. 2006;11(4):477–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pesola GR, Sunmonu Y, Huggins G, Ford JG. Measured diffusion capacity versus prediction equation estimates in blacks without lung disease. Respiration. 2004;71(5):484–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neder JA, Andreoni S, Peres C, Nery LE. Reference values for lung function tests. III. Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (transfer factor). Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999;32(6):729–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chhabra SK, Kumar R, Gupta UA. Prediction equations for diffusing capacity (transfer factor) of lung for North Indians. Lung India. 2016;33(5):479–86.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yang SC, Yang SP, Lin PJ. Prediction equations for single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity from a Chinese population. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147(3):599–606.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Cobo E, Burgos F, Perez J, Clausen JL. Single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity prediction equations from a Mediterranean population. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141(4 Pt 1):1026–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ip MS, Lam WK, Lai AY, Ko FW, Lau AC, Ling SO, et al. Reference values of diffusing capacity of non-smoking Chinese in Hong Kong. Respirology. 2007;12(4):599–606.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neas LM, Schwartz J. The determinants of pulmonary diffusing capacity in a national sample of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153(2):656–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vazquez-Garcia JC, Perez-Padilla R, Casas A, Schonffeldt-Guerrero P, Pereira J, Vargas-Dominguez C, et al. Reference values for the diffusing capacity determined by the single-breath technique at different altitudes: The Latin American single-breath diffusing capacity reference project. Respir Care. 2016;61(9):1217–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borland C, Guenard H. The history of the pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide DL. NO Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2017;241:3–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borland C, Cracknell N, Higenbottam T. Is the measurement of “DLNO” a true measure of membrane diffusing capacity? Clin Sci (Lond). 1984;67(S9):41P.
Article
Google Scholar
Borland C, Chamberlain A, Higenbottam T. The fate of inhaled nitric oxide [abstract]. Clin Sci (Lond). 1983;65(3):37P.
Article
Google Scholar
Guénard H, Varene N, Vaida P. Determination of lung capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity in man by the measurements of NO and CO transfer. Respir Physiol. 1987;70(1):113–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borland CD, Higenbottam TW. A simultaneous single breath measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Eur Respir J. 1989;2(1):56–63.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zavorsky GS, van der Lee I. Can the measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide replace the measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide? Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2017;241:9–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zavorsky GS, Hsia CC, Hughes JM, Borland CD, Guenard H, van der Lee I, et al. Standardisation and application of the single-breath determination of nitric oxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(2):1600962.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Borland CD, Dunningham H, Bottrill F, Vuylsteke A, Yilmaz C, Dane DM, et al. Significant blood resistance to nitric oxide transfer in the lung. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(5):1052–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van der Lee I, Zanen P, Biesma DH, van den Bosch JM. The effect of red cell transfusion on nitric oxide diffusing capacity. Respiration. 2005;72(5):512–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zavorsky GS. The rise in carboxyhemoglobin from repeated pulmonary diffusing capacity tests. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013;186(1):103–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borland CD, Cox Y. Effect of varying alveolar oxygen partial pressure on diffusing capacity for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, membrane diffusing capacity and lung capillary blood volume. Clin Sci (Lond). 1991;81(6):759–65.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Guenard HJ, Martinot JB, Martin S, Maury B, Lalande S, Kays C. In vivo estimates of NO and CO conductance for haemoglobin and for lung transfer in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2016;228:1–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dressel H, Filser L, Fischer R, Marten K, Muller-Lisse U, de la Motte D, et al. Lung diffusing capacity for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in relation to morphological changes as assessed by computed tomography in patients with cystic fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9(30):1–7.
Google Scholar
Zavorsky GS, Cao J, Murias JM. Reference values of pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide in an adult population. Nitric Oxide. 2008;18(1):70–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van der Lee I, Zanen P, Stigter N, van den Bosch JM, Lammers JW. Diffusing capacity for nitric oxide: reference values and dependence on alveolar volume. Respir Med. 2007;101(7):1579–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aguilaniu B, Maitre J, Glenet S, Gegout-Petit A, Guenard H. European reference equations for CO and NO lung transfer. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(5):1091–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rouatbi S, Ben Saad H, Latiri I, Tabka Z, Guenard H. North-African reference values of alveolar membrane diffusion capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume. Respiration. 2010;80(4):301–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Munkholm M, Marott JL, Bjerre-Kristensen L, Madsen F, Pedersen OF, Lange P, et al. Reference equations for pulmonary diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in adult Caucasians. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(1):1500677. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00677-2015.
Thomas A, Hanel B, Marott JL, Buchvald F, Mortensen J, Nielsen KG. The single-breath diffusing capacity of CO and NO in healthy children of European descent. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e113177.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Rouatbi S, Khemis M, Garrouche A, Saad HB. Reference values of capillary blood volume and pulmonary membrane diffusing capacity in North African boys aged 8 to 16 years. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2014;63(3):705–15.
Article
Google Scholar
Dridi R, Dridi N, Ben Moussa Zouita A, Muller PT, Tabka Z, Guenard H, et al. Pulmonary diffusing capacity measured by NO/CO transfer in Tunisian boys. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(10):2754–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kiefer EM, Hankinson JL, Barr RG. Similar relation of age and height to lung function among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(4):376–87.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324–43.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cresanta JL, Croft JB, Webber LS, Nicklas TA, Berenson GS. Racial difference in hemoglobin concentration of young adults. Prev Med. 1987;16(5):659–69.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simaga B, Forton K, Motoji Y, Naeije R, Faoro V. Lung diffusing capacity in sub-Saharan Africans versus European Caucasians. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2017;241:23–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dressel H, Filser L, Fischer R, de la Motte D, Steinhaeusser W, Huber RM, et al. Lung diffusing capacity for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide: dependence on breath-hold time. Chest. 2008;133(5):1149–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pre-exercise Evaluation. Chapter 2. Pages 27-57. In: ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 11th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. 2022. Senior Editor: Liguori G. Associate Editors: Feito Y, Fountaine C, Roy BA.
Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(1):153–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319–38.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, Johnson DC, van der Grinten CP, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(4):720–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wanger J, Clausen JL, Coates A, Pedersen OF, Brusasco V, Burgos F, et al. Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(3):511–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zavorsky GS, Blood AB, Power GG, Longo LD, Artal R, Vlastos EJ. CO and NO pulmonary diffusing capacity during pregnancy: safety and diagnostic potential. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2010;170(3):215–25.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Graham BL, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Cooper BG, Jensen R, Kendrick A, et al. 2017 ERS/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(1):1600016.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomas JR, Nelson JK, Silverman SJ. Relationships among variables. Research methods in physical activity. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2015. p. 133–54.
Google Scholar
Mertler CA, Vannatta RA. Advanced and multivariate statistical methods. Practical application and interpretation. 5th ed. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing; 2013. p. 361.
Google Scholar
Mansfield ER, Helms BP. Detecting multicollinearity. Am Stat. 1982;36(3):158–60.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim JH. Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(6):558–69.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Durbin J, Watson GS. Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. 2. Biometrika. 1951;38(1–2):159–78.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Savin NE, White KJ. Durbin-Watson test for serial-correlation with extreme sample sizes or many regressors. Econometrica. 1977;45(8):1989–96.
Article
Google Scholar
Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.; 2014.
Google Scholar
Altman DG, Bland JM. Measurement in medicine—the analysis of method comparison studies. J R Stat Soc D-Stat. 1983;32(3):307–17.
Google Scholar
Moinard J, Guénard H. Determination of lung capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity in patients with COLD using the NO-CO method. Eur Respir J. 1990;3(3):318–22.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turcotte RA, Perrault H, Marcotte JE, Beland M. A test for the measurement of pulmonary diffusion capacity during high-intensity exercise. J Sports Sci. 1992;10(3):229–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piiper J, Sikand RS. Determination of D-CO by the single breath method in inhomogeneous lungs: theory. Respir Physiol. 1966;1(1):75–87.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ewan PW, Jones HA, Rhodes CG, Hughes JM. Detection of intrapulmonary hemorrhage with carbon monoxide uptake. Application in goodpasture’s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1976;295(25):1391–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saydain G, Beck KC, Decker PA, Cowl CT, Scanlon PD. Clinical significance of elevated diffusing capacity. Chest. 2004;125(2):446–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Riepl G. Effects of abnormal hemoglobin concentration in human blood on membrane diffusing capacity of the lung and on pulmonary capillary blood volume. Respiration. 1978;36(1):10–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
DeCato TW, Hegewald MJ. Breathing red: physiology of an elevated single-breath diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(11):2087–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petticrew M, Sowden A, Lister-Sharp D. False-negative results in screening programs. Medical, psychological, and other implications. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2001;17(2):164–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zavorsky GS, Smoliga JM. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and pulmonary diffusing capacity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2017;241:28–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lavin KM, Straub AM, Uhranowsky KA, Smoliga JM, Zavorsky GS. Alveolar-membrane diffusing capacity limits performance in Boston marathon qualifiers. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9):e44513.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kokkinos P, Myers J, Kokkinos JP, Pittaras A, Narayan P, Manolis A, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men. Circulation. 2008;117(5):614–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Radtke T, de Groot Q, Haile SR, Maggi M, Hsia CCW, Dressel H. Lung diffusing capacity for nitric oxide measured by two commercial devices: a randomized crossover comparison in healthy adults. ERJ Open Res. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00193-2021.