Lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces (LCCA) has been reported since the 1940s; however, it is still currently considered as a relatively rare tumour (a rare imaging performance of NSCLC). In 2017, Fintelmann et al. [7] showed that LCCA accounts for approximately 1% of NSCLC, with the majority classified as adenocarcinoma and found in former and current smokers with pulmonary emphysema.
As LCCA has an overall low prevalence, it is easy for radiologists and respiratory doctors to miss it [8]. Patients with LCCA tend to have a worse prognosis than those with non-cystic airspaces lung cancer. Early diagnosis may be challenging, and the condition may already be advanced at the time of detection.
Therefore, CT image features and possible carcinogenic mechanisms may help us understand and diagnose cystic airspace cancers [7, 9]. Currently, only a few retrospective studies have analysed radiological or pathological diagnostic criteria or the management of this condition [10, 11]. In the current radiological system categorising all LCCA, four morphologic types of pericystic cancers have been described by Mascalchi et al. [3, 12]: Type I represents a nodule outside the cystic airspace and abutting the wall. Type II is that of a nodule projecting into the cystic airspace from the wall. Type III is cyst wall thickening, which may not necessarily be circumferential and without an area of focal nodularity. Type IV is a multicystic lesion with focal soft-tissue elements. The two cases, which have been described, belong to this special type of classification system. In addition, Jung et al. [13] showed us the imaging morphological changes in LCCA at different developmental stages, reflecting the natural clinical course and clinicopathological features of LCCA. The true pathogenesis of the cystic airspace is not yet fully understood; however, the different causes have been described [14,15,16,17,18], including (1) central necrosis of tumour; (2) a check-valve mechanism of small airway dilatation with scar tissue; (3) direct destruction of alveolar walls by lung cancer cells; (4) lepidic growth of adenocarcinoma on emphysematous lung parenchyma; (5) cancer arising from clusters of mucinous cells in the walls of this type of congenital pulmonary airway malformation; (6) growth of adenocarcinoma along the wall of a preexisting bulla; (7) and autophagy of cancer cells.
Cystic airspaces are not always present. Most LCCA lesions have new or increased nodular components or thickening of the wall over time. Sheard et al. [5] reported some cases which showed thickening around the periphery of a bulla, and the bulla had progressed to an eccentric or solid nodule. CT scans showed a continued growth of the bulla that was initially misinterpreted as an inflammation, which later became multicystic before evolving into a solid lesion. Mascalchi [12] reported on the comparison of initial and subsequent CTs and revealed that as the solid component increased, the diameter of the cystic airspace decreased or became completely solid in most of his patients. This duration can explain why we misunderstood the initial CT images of the LCCA. In these patients, the risk of death was increased since we were not familiar with the early stages of the tumour, which is the cystic airspace. If we fully understand the CT image development process of the disease, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment in LCCA may alter disease outcomes [19]. The mortality rates of early stage lung cancer resection remain low. Fintelmann et al. [7] reported that the median time between the first observation of a cystic airspace and lung cancer diagnosis was 25.5 months. Thus, cystic airspaces with wall thickening and/or associated nodules of any attenuation warrant regular surveillance. Simultaneously, thoracoscopic surgery is indispensable as a minimally invasive approach for patients with highly suspicious lung cancer.
After a CT scan shows the initial examination of cystic airspaces, appropriate further radiological and invasive operations may be required for the diagnosis of LCCA. Normal clinical inspection such as transbronchial biopsy, percutaneous lung biopsy, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) are helpful but insufficient for special types such as type IV multicystic lesion, as mentioned in the two cases [20].
Mendoza et al. found that more than 300 cases of LCCA have been described [11] in the form of case reports or small case series; most cases have been diagnosed by surgery in the literature. Farooqi et al. [10] identified 26 cases of abutting lung cysts, and 25 cases were diagnosed by resection. Guo et al. [21] identified 15 cases of “lung cancer presenting as cysts”; all were from surgical resection cases. However, a different conclusion has been drawn by Mascalchi et al. [3, 12], who reported 24 cases of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces, and the diagnosis of malignancy was based on cytologic examination on CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) (n = 18) or histologic diagnosis of the surgical specimen or core biopsy (n = 6) [5]. In clinical practice, FNAB has been shown to be a safe and effective method for establishing a diagnosis of pulmonary solid and subsolid lesions [22]. However, for LCCA, especially type IV, it often ends in failure due to the small size of the lesion and the difficulty of sampling, as shown in case 2. Therefore, we should recognise the limitations of preoperative biopsy in the diagnosis of these patients.
In contrast, PET-CT has a number of drawbacks in LCCA. Small and cystic air space lesions, multicystic type IV in particular, may reduce the overall density of metabolically active cells; hence, the uptake of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in a small pericystic lesion can be difficult to measure, and a negative PET result does not reliably exclude malignancy [9, 12, 23, 24].
We report two cases of type IV LCCA that showed multicystic lesions. With increased physician suspicion and improved CT scan and puncture biopsy techniques, the diagnosis rate of LCCA has increased, but it is still often overlooked and misdiagnosed. The majority of cancers associated with cystic airspaces are of the adenocarcinoma type. Awareness of these CT features is important, and the limitations of preoperative biopsy and PET-CT should be recognised. Timely surgery is essential for early diagnosis.
